考古发现最早关于人类着装的指向性证据
文章来源:未知 文章作者:enread 发布时间:2021-09-25 02:43 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
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据美国有线电视新闻网报道,考古学家近日在摩洛哥的一个洞穴中发现了62件用于处理和打磨动物皮革的骨器,这可能是考古发现中最早关于人类着装的指向性证据之一。这些工具距今有9万至12万年的历史。
 
In popular culture, cave men (and women) are often draped in furs, but archaeological evidence of what our Stone Age ancestors actually wore and how they made clothes is thin.
在现代人的认知里,穴居人通常披着毛皮,但石器时代我们的祖先究竟穿什么,关于这方面的考古证据并不多。
 
Fur, leather and other organic materials generally aren't preserved, especially beyond 100,000 years ago. However, researchers say 62 bone tools used to process and smooth animal skins found in a cave in Morocco may be some of the earliest proxy1 evidence for clothing in the archaeological record. The tools are between 90,000 and 120,000 years old.
10万年前的毛皮、皮革和其他有机材料通常无法保存下来。然而,研究人员称,在摩洛哥的一个洞穴中发现了62件用于处理和打磨动物皮革的骨器,这可能是考古发现中的最早关于人类着装的指向性证据之一。这些工具距今有9万至12万年的历史。
 
"I wasn't expecting to find them. I was studying this assemblage initially2 to look at the animal bones to reconstruct the human diet," said Emily Yuko Hallett, a postdoctoral scientist at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History's Pan African Evolution Research Group.
马克斯·普朗克人类历史科学研究所泛非进化研究小组的博士后科学家艾米莉·尤科·哈利特称:“我没想到会发现这些骨器。我研究这堆化石最初是为了观察动物骨骼,以重现人类的饮食。”
 
"And when I was going through them -- there were around 12,000 animal bones -- I started to notice these bones that had a very different shape. It wasn't a natural shape. And they had sheen on them, and they were shiny, and they had striations (grooves or scratches) on them," said Hallett, who was an author of a study on the findings that published Thursday in the journal iScience.
研究作者之一哈利特说:“当我检查这12000多块动物骨头时,我开始注意到这些骨头的形状非常不同。这不是自然的形状。它们很光滑,有光泽,表面有微小的擦痕。”9月16日,《iScience》杂志发表了这些研究结果。
 
Unlike the bones discarded after consuming an animal for food, bones used regularly by human hands gain a sheen and polish.
与食用动物后丢弃的骨头不同,人手经常使用的骨头表面光滑、有光泽。
 
She also found a pattern of cut marks on other bones in the cave that suggested the humans who lived there were removing the skins of carnivores such as sand foxes, golden jackals and wildcats, for their furs. The bones of cattle-like animals showed different markings, suggesting they were processed for meat.
哈利特还在洞穴中的其他骨骼上发现了一种切割痕迹,这表明居住在那里的人类会剥掉沙狐、金豺和野猫等食肉动物的皮毛。牛骨等动物骨头则显示出不同的痕迹,表明它们是加工取肉的来源。
 
"I'm most excited about the skinning marks on the carnivores, because I haven't seen this pattern described before. And my hope is that archaeologists working in much older sites also start looking for this pattern," she said.
哈利特说:“食肉动物身上的剥皮痕迹让我很兴奋,因为此前我从未见过这种痕迹。我希望在更古老的遗址工作的考古学家也开始寻找这样的痕迹。”
 
It's challenging to figure out when the use of clothing began. It's highly likely early humans like Neanderthals that lived in cold climates long before Homo sapiens arrived on the scene had clothing to protect themselves from the extreme weather, but there's not much hard evidence.
我们很难弄清楚人类究竟是从什么时候开始穿衣服的。很可能在智人出现之前,像尼安德特人这样生活在寒冷环境的早期人类就已经开始穿衣御寒了,但是没有确凿证据。
 
Genetic3 studies of lice indicate that clothing lice diverged4 from their human head louse ancestors at least 83,000 years ago and possibly as early as 170,000 years ago, which suggests humans were wearing clothes before major migrations5 out of Africa.
对虱子的基因研究表明,从头虱分化出来的衣虱至少在83000年前就出现了,也可能早在17万年前就存在,这表明人类在大规模迁出非洲之前就已经穿上了衣服。
 
Hallett said that one of 98 400,000-year-old tools made from elephant bone and recently discovered in Italy may have been used to smooth leather. They were likely used by Neanderthals. Eyed needles emerge in the archaeological record much later, about 40,000 years ago.
哈利特说,最近在意大利发现的98件40万年前用大象骨头制成的工具中,有一种可能是用来打磨皮革的,很可能是尼安德特人使用的。缝纫针出现在考古记录中的时间要晚得多,距今约4万年前。
 
The bone tools from Morocco that Hallett discovered were shaped a bit like a spatula6 and would have been used to remove connective tissue. Similar bone tools are still used by some leather workers today, Hallett said.
哈利特在摩洛哥发现的骨器形状有点像刮刀,可以用来去除结缔组织。哈利特说,今天一些皮匠仍在使用类似的骨制品。
 
"The reason people like using these tools is that they don't pierce the skin, and so you're left with an intact skin," she said.
她说:“人们喜欢使用这些工具的原因是它们不会刺伤皮面,这样能获得一块完好无损的皮革。”
 
The bone tools were found in Contrebandiers Cave on Morocco's Atlantic coast. Hallett said the climate 120,000 years ago would have been mild, as it is now, raising the possibility that early clothes could have been for ornamentation as well as protection.
这些骨器在摩洛哥大西洋海岸的孔特雷班迪尔斯洞穴中发现。哈利特说,12万年前这里的气候应该很温和,就像现在一样,因此很可能早期的衣物是用于装饰和防护的。
 
"There's really no extreme temperatures or extreme climate conditions there in the past or today. So that makes me wonder was clothing strictly7 utilitarian8 or was it symbolic9 or was it a little bit of both?"
“在过去或今天,那里真的不存在极端温度或极端天气。因此,我很好奇,衣物是完全实用性的,还是象征性的装饰,或是两者兼而有之呢?”


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 proxy yRXxN     
n.代理权,代表权;(对代理人的)委托书;代理人
参考例句:
  • You may appoint a proxy to vote for you.你可以委托他人代你投票。
  • We enclose a form of proxy for use at the Annual General Meeting.我们附上委任年度大会代表的表格。
2 initially 273xZ     
adv.最初,开始
参考例句:
  • The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
  • Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。
3 genetic PgIxp     
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
参考例句:
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
4 diverged db5a93fff259ad3ff2017a64912fa156     
分开( diverge的过去式和过去分词 ); 偏离; 分歧; 分道扬镳
参考例句:
  • Who knows when we'll meet again? 不知几时咱们能再见面!
  • At what time do you get up? 你几时起床?
5 migrations 2d162e07be0cf65cc1054b2128c60258     
n.迁移,移居( migration的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • It foundered during the turmoils accompanying the Great Migrations. 它在随着民族大迁徙而出现的混乱中崩溃。 来自辞典例句
  • Birds also have built-in timepieces which send them off on fall and spring migrations. 鸟类也有天生的时间感应器指导它们秋春迁移。 来自互联网
6 spatula jhHyI     
n.抹刀
参考例句:
  • He scraped the mixture out of the bowl with a plastic spatula.他用塑料铲把盆里的混合料刮了出来。
  • She levelled the surface of the cake mixtured with a metal spatula.她用金属铲抹平了蛋糕配料。
7 strictly GtNwe     
adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地
参考例句:
  • His doctor is dieting him strictly.他的医生严格规定他的饮食。
  • The guests were seated strictly in order of precedence.客人严格按照地位高低就座。
8 utilitarian THVy9     
adj.实用的,功利的
参考例句:
  • On the utilitarian side American education has outstridden the rest of the world.在实用方面美国教育已超越世界各国。
  • A good cloth coat is more utilitarian than a fur one.一件优质的布外衣要比一件毛皮外衣更有用。
9 symbolic ErgwS     
adj.象征性的,符号的,象征主义的
参考例句:
  • It is symbolic of the fighting spirit of modern womanhood.它象征着现代妇女的战斗精神。
  • The Christian ceremony of baptism is a symbolic act.基督教的洗礼仪式是一种象征性的做法。
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