Scientists have identified a previously¹ unknown type of ancient human through analysis of DNA² from a finger bone unearthed³ in a Siberian cave.

科学家们通过对一块西伯利亚某山洞出土的指骨进行分析，发现一种前所未知的古人种。

The finger bone was unearthed in 2008 at Denisova Cave

The extinct "hominin" (human like creature) lived in Central Asia between 48,000 and 30,000 years ago.

An international team has sequenced genetic⁴ material from the fossil（化石，僵化的事物） showing that it is distinct from（与……不同） that of Neanderthals and modern humans.

Details of the find, dubbed⁵ "X-woman", have been published in Nature journal.

Ornaments⁶（装饰品） were found in the same ground layer as the finger bone, including a bracelet⁷（手镯） .

Professor Chris Stringer, human origins researcher at London's Natural History Museum, called the discovery "a very exciting development".

"This new DNA work provides an entirely⁸ new way of looking at the still poorly-understood evolution of humans in central and eastern Asia."

The discovery raises the intriguing⁹（迷人的，有趣的） possibility that three forms of human - Homo sapiens（智人，现代人） , Neanderthals and the species represented by X-woman - could have met each other and interacted in southern Siberia.

The tiny fragment（碎片） of bone from a fifth finger was uncovered by archaeologists（考古学家） working at Denisova Cave in Siberia's Altai Mountains in 2008.

An international team of researchers extracted mitochondrial（线粒体） DNA from the bone and compared the genetic code with those from modern humans and Neanderthals.

Origin unknown

Mitochondrial DNA comes from the cell's powerhouses and is passed down the maternal¹⁰ line only.

The analysis carried out by Johannes Krause from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary¹¹ Anthropology¹² in Leipzig, Germany, and colleagues revealed the human from Denisova last shared a common ancestor with modern humans and Neanderthals about one million years ago.

This is known as the divergence¹³（分歧） date; essentially¹⁴, when this human's ancestors split away from the line that eventually led to Neanderthals and ourselves.

The Neanderthal and modern human evolutionary lines diverged¹⁵ much later, around 500,000 years ago. This shows that the individual from Denisova is the representative of a previously unknown human lineage（血统，家系） that derives¹⁶ from a hitherto（迄今，至今） unrecognised migration¹⁷ out of Africa.

"Whoever carried this mitochondrial genome out of Africa about a million years ago is some new creature that has not been on our radar¹⁸ screens so far," said co-author Professor Svante Paabo, also from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology（进化人类学） .

The divergence date of one million years is too young for the Denisova hominin to have been a descendent¹⁹ of Homo erectus（直立人） , which moved out of Africa into Asia some two million years ago.

And it is too old to be a descendent of Homo heidelbergensis（海德堡人） , another ancient human thought to have originated around 650,000 years ago. However, for now, the researchers have steered²⁰（驾驶，控制） away from describing the specimen²¹ as a new species.

Dr Krause said the ground layer in which the Denisova hominin fragment was found contain tools which are similar to those made by modern humans in Europe.