New research, published in the journal Development, by Dr. Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, professor of Pharmacology & Physiology¹ and director of the newly formed GW Institute for Neuroscience, and his colleagues have identified the stem cells that generate three critical classes of nerve cells – olfactory²（嗅觉的，味道的） receptors (ORNs), vomeronasal (VRNs) and gonadotropin（促性腺激素） releasing hormone³ (GnRH) neurons – that are responsible for enabling animals and humans, to eat, interact socially and reproduce. This research is the first evidence identfying these stem cells. By studying mice at the earliest stages of embryonic⁴ development, LaMantia and his colleagues were able to identify the location of these cells, confirm that they divide slowly and symmetrically（对称地，平衡地） —thus making more stem cells, have a distinct molecular⁵ identity, and give rise to all cell types in the tissue—including ORNs, VRNs and GnRH neurons. These embryonic olfactory stem cells also are ultimately responsible for generating stem cells that remain in the lining⁶ of the nose throughout life and make new ORNs and VRNs. Thus these stem cells are also essential to enable a rare example of nervous system regeneration that continues throughout life.

"By identifying these stems cells, our research will help physicians understand why people have certain genetic⁷, neurological, and mental disabilities. Olfaction is often compromised early in the course of a number of serious diseases including autism（孤独症，自闭症） , schizophrenia（精神分裂症） , and Alzheimer's disease, and GnRH deficiency is important in many cases of infertility⁸. It is my hope that in the future, we will combine this sort of cell and molecular biology with clinical practice to develop better treatments for patients with these disorders," said Dr. LaMantia.

To identify the early olfactory stem cell, Dr. LaMantia and his colleagues used multiple methods to define the identity and potential of dividing cells in the embryonic tissue that eventually becomes the nasal epithelium（上皮，上皮细胞） —the sheet of nerve cells that lines the nasal cavity. The researchers studied these tissues using molecular markers to distinguish different classes of cells and recombinant DNA⁹ technology（DNA重组技术） as well as mutant mice to assess how several key genes¹⁰ define olfactory stem cell identity. They found a subset of cells that divide slowly and symmetrically—suggesting that these were indeed, the stem cells. They also showed that these cells were self renewing—another essential characteristic of stem cells. They defined several molecules¹¹ that influence whether these stem cells remain as stem cells or divide terminally to make olfactory, vomeronasal and GnRH neurons. Finally, they showed that these stem cells uniquely give rise to ORNs, VRNs, and GnRH neurons.