三等九级

three classes and nine ranks

 

大贵族、大活佛和高级官员

nobles, Living Buddhas¹ and senior officials 

 

上等人“命价为与尸体等重的黄金”

The value of the life of a person of the upper class was measured in gold according to his weight. 

 

下等人“命价仅值一根草绳”

Others of the lowest rank of the lower class was equivalent to hempen² rope.

 

政教合一的封建农奴制

feudal³ serfdom under theocracy⁴

 

《十六法典》

16-Article Code

 

《十三法典》

13-Article Code

 

人不无主、地不无差

All serfs have owners and all plots of land are assigned.

 

三大领主（官家、贵族、寺庙上层僧侣）

three major estate-holders (local government officials, nobles and upper-ranking lamas in monasteries)

 

人役税

servitude tax

 

“差巴”（领种份地，向农奴主支差役的人）

"tralpa" (people who tilled plots of land assigned to them and who were obligated to provide corvee labor for serf owners)

 

“堆穷”（意为冒烟的小户）

"duiqoin" (small households with chimneys emitting smoke)

 

“朗生”（一无所有，世代为奴）

"nangzan" (hereditary household slaves who were deprived of any means of production and personal freedom)

 

乌拉差（一种包括徭役、赋税、地（畜）租在内的含义十分广泛的差税总称）

corvee labor - a broad term covering not only corvee, but taxes and levies, and rents for land and livestock

 

子孙债

debts passed down from previous generations

 

连保债

debts resulting from joint liability

 

集体摊派债

debts apportioned among all the serfs

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