13. The National Association of Fire Fighters says that 45 percent of homes now have smoke detectors², whereas only 30 percent of homes had them 10 years ago. This makes early detection of house fires no more likely, however, because over half of the domestic smoke detectors are either without batteries or else inoperative for some other reason.

　　In order for the conclusion above to be properly drawn³, which one of the following assumptions would have to be made？

　　（A） Fifteen percent of domestic smoke detectors were installed less than 10 years ago.

　　（B） The number of fires per year in homes with smoke detectors has increased.

　　（C） Not all of the smoke detectors in homes are battery operated.

　　（D） The proportion of domestic smoke detectors that are inoperative has increased in the past ten years.

　　（E） Unlike automatic water sprinklers, a properly functioning smoke detector¹ cannot by itself increase fire safety in a home.

　　14. Advertisement： HomeGlo Paints, Inc., has won the prestigious⁴ Golden Paintbrush Award ？given to the one paint manufacturer in the country that has increased the environmental safety of its product most over the past three years ？for HomeGlo Exterior⁵ Enamel⁶. The Golden Paintbrush is awarded only on the basis of thorough tests by independent testing laboratories. So when you choose HomeGlo Exterior Enamel, you will know that you have chosen the most environmentally safe brand of paint manufactured in this country today.

　　The flawed reasoning in the advertisement most closely parallels that in which one of the following？

　　（A） The ZXC audio system received the overall top ranking for looks, performance, durability⁷, and value in Listeners？ Report magazine' s ratings of currently produced systems. Therefore, the ZXC must have better sound quality than any other currently produced sound system.

　　（B） Morning Sunshine breakfast cereal contains, ounce for ounce, more of the nutrients⁸ needed for a healthy diet than any other breakfast cereal on the market today. Thus, when you eat Morning Sunshine, you will know you are eating the most nutritious⁹ food now on the market.

　　（C） The number of consumer visits increased more at Countryside Market last year than at any other market in the region. Therefore, Countryside' s profits must also have increased more last year than those of any other market in the region.

　　（D） Jerrold's teachers recognize him as the student who has shown more academic improvement than any other student in the junior class this year. Therefore, if Jerrold and his classmates are ranked according to their current academic performance, Jerrold must hold the highest ranking.

　　（E） Margaret Durring' s short story "The Power Lunch" won three separate awards for best short fiction of the year. Therefore, any of Margaret Durring' s earlier stories certainly has enough literary merit to be included in an anthology of the best recent short fiction.

　　15. The consistency¹⁰ of ice cream is adversely¹¹ affected¹² by even slight temperature changes in the freezer. To counteract¹³ his problem, manufacturers add stabilizers to ice cream. Unfortunately, stabilizers, though inexpensive, adversely affect flavor. Stabilizers are less needed if storage temperatures are very low. However, since energy costs are constantly going up, those costs constitute a strong incentive¹⁴ in favor of relatively¹⁵ high storage temperatures.

　　Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage？

　　（A） Even slight deviations¹⁶ from the proper consistency for ice cream sharply impair¹⁷ its flavor.

　　（B） Cost considerations favor sacrificing consistency over sacrificing flavor.

　　（C） It would not be cost effective to develop a new device to maintain the constancy of freezer temperatures.

　　（D） Stabilizers function well only at very low freezer temperatures.

　　（E） Very low, stable freezer temperatures allow for the best possible consistency and flavor of ice cream.

　　16. Edwina： True appreciation¹⁸ of Mozart's music demands that you hear it exactly as he intended it to be heard； that is, exactly as he heard it. Since he heard it on eighteenth-century instruments, it follows that so should we.

　　Alberto： But what makes you think that Mozart ever heard his music played as he had intended it to be played？ After all, Mozart was writing at a time when the performer was expected, as a matter of course, not just to interpret but to modify the written score.

　　Alberto adopts which one of the following strategies in criticizing Edwina' s position？

　　（A） He appeals to an academic authority in order to challenge the factual basis of her conclusion.

　　（B） He attacks her judgment¹⁹ by suggesting that she does not recognize the importance of the performer's creativity to the audience's appreciation of a musical composition.

　　（C） He defends a competing view of musical authenticity²⁰.

　　（D） He attacks the logic²¹ of her argument by suggesting that the conclusion she draws does not follow from the premises²² she sets forth²³.

　　（E） He offers a reason to believe that one of the premises of her argument is false.

　　17. Since the introduction of the Impanian National Health Scheme, Impanians （or their private insurance companies） have had to pay only for the more unusual and sophisticated medical procedures. When the scheme was introduced, it was hoped that private insurance to pay for these procedures would be available at modest cost, since the insurers would no longer be paying for the bulk of health care costs, as they had done previously²⁴. Paradoxically, however, the cost of private health insurance did not decrease but has instead increased dramatically in the years since the scheme抯 introduction.

　　Which one of the following, if true, does most to explain the apparently²⁵ paradoxical outcome？

　　（A） The National Health scheme has greatly reduced the number of medical claims handled annually²⁶ by Impania's private insurers, enabling these firms to reduce overhead costs substantially.

　　（B） Before the National Health scheme was introduced, more than 80 percent of all Impanian medical costs were associated with procedures that are now covered by the scheme.

　　（C） Impanians who previously were unable to afford regular medical treatment now use the National Health scheme, but the number of Impanians with private health insurance has not increased.

　　（D） Impanians now buy private medical insurance only at times when they expect that they will need care of kinds not available in the National Health scheme.

　　（E） The proportion of total expenditures²⁷ within Impania that is spent on health care has declined since the introduction of the National Health scheme.

　　18. In clinical trials of new medicines, half of the subjects receive the drug being tested and half receive a physiologically²⁸ inert²⁹ substance ？a placebo³⁰. Trials are designed with the intention that neither subjects nor experimenters will find out which subjects are actually being given the drug being tested. However, this intention is frequently frustrated³¹ because ____.

　　Which one of the following, if true, most appropriately completes the explanation？

　　（A） often the subjects who receive the drug being tested develop symptoms that the experimenters recognize as side effects of the physiologically active drug

　　（B） subjects who believe they are receiving the drug being tested often display improvements in their conditions regardless of whether what is administered to them is physiologically active or not

　　（C） in general, when the trial is intended to establish the experimental drug's safety rather than its effectiveness, all of the subjects are healthy

　　（D） when a trial runs a long time, few of the experimenters will work on it from inception to conclusion

　　（E） the people who are subjects for clinical trials must, by law, be volunteers and must be informed of the possibility that they will receive a placebo

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