As the Swiss capital, Bern is an important city of diplomats¹ and the site of many international organizations and meetings. It's one of the oldest and loveliest cities in Europe, with origins going back to the 12th century. Since much of its medieval architecture remains² today, Bern

Over the years the city landscape has been praised by many famous visitors, including Horace Walpole, who called it "the most Faire city." Dorothy, sister of William Wordsworth, gushed（热情赞叹）"There is a beautiful order, a solidity, a gravity in this city, which strikes one at first sight and then never loses its effect."

The modern mingles（混合）harmoniously with the old in this charming city, and in recent years residents have discreetly⁶ added contemporary-style homes and structures to the historic environment. Such coexistence between the old and new is also evident in Bern's university, known equally for traditional studies and pioneering scientific research.

Bern joined the Swiss Confederation in 1353. In 1848, it replaced Zurich as the seat of the federal government. The city stands on a thumb of land that's bordered on three sides by the Aare River, hence the several bridges connecting various sections of the city.

Market days in Bern -- ideal times to visit -- are Tuesday and Saturday. People from the outlying areas come to town to sell their produce（农产品）and wares⁷. If you're fortunate enough to be in town on the fourth Monday of November, you'll witness the centuries-old Zwiebelmarkt or Onion Market. This is the city's last big event before the onset⁸ of winter, and residents traditionally stock up on onions in anticipation⁹ of the first snows. In the historic core of Bern, vendors（卖主）arrive before dawn to set up stalls featuring plaited strings¹⁰ of onions. It is customary to sell some 100 tons of onions in one day during the festival. It's not all salesmanship either -- buffoons（小丑）disguised as onions run about, barrels of confetti are thrown, and a good time is had by all. Naturally, local restaurants feature all their special dishes made with onions at the time.

Bern is also a popular starting point for many excursions（远足，游览）, especially to the lakes and peaks of the Bernese Oberland, a vast recreational area only minutes from the capital.