英国文学简史完全笔记(2)(2)
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  Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance1 I.A Historical Background
  II.The Overview2 of the Literature (1485-1660)
  Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus3 and direction of literature.
  Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity4 and reformed education.
  Literary style-modeled on the ancients.
  The effect of humanism-the dissemination5 of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents6.
  1. poetry
  The first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.
  The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity7.
  The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.
  The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian8 and Biblical tradition.
  2. Drama
  a. the native tradition and classical examples.
  b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare – Jonson.
  3. Prose
  a. translation of Bible;
  b. More;
  c. Bacon.
  II.English poetry.
  1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard (courtly makers9
  (1) Wyatt: introducing sonnets11.
  (2) Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.
  2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer
  (1) Life:
  a. English gentleman;
  b. brilliant and fascinating personality;
  c. courtier.
  (2) works
  a. Arcadia: pastoral romance;
  b. Astrophel and Stella (108): sonnet10 sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.
  Petrarchan conceits12 and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative13 story; theme-love originality-act of writing.
  c. Defense14 of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.
  3. Edmund Spenser
  (1) life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” – Ireland - Westminster Abbey.
  (2) works
  a. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.
  b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequence
  c. Faerie Queene:
  l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue15.
  l 12 books and 12 virtues16: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.
  l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory (symbolic17 meaning)
  l Many allusions18 to classical writers.
  l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.
  (3) Spenserian Stanza19.
  III.English Prose
  1. Thomas More
  (1) Life: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat20, patron of arts
  a. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford21;
  b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;
  c. Lord Chancellor22;
  d. beheaded.

  (2) Utopia: the first English science fiction.
  Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.
  A philosophical23 mariner24 (Raphael Hythloday) tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.
  a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting25 his philosophy.
  b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.
  c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.
  d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.
  e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening26 of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism27.
  f. the Utopia
  (3) the significance.
  a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic28 material.
  b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.

  2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman
  (1) life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor – bribery29 - focusing on philosophy and literature.
  (2) philosophical ideas: advancement30 of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.
  (3) “Essays”: 57.
  a. he was a master of numerous and varied31 styles.
  b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. (arguments)#p#分页标题#e#
  IV.English Drama
  1. A general survey.
  (1) Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.
  (2) two influences.
  a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;
  b. native or popular drama.
  (3) the University Wits.
  2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright32 before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.
  (1) Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.
  (2) Major works
  a. Tamburlaine;
  b. The Jew of Malta;
  c. The Tragical33 History of Doctor Faustus.
  (3) The significance of his plays.
  V. William Shakespeare
  1. Life
  (1) 1564, Stratford-on-Avon;
  (2) Grammar School;
  (3) Queen visit to Castle;
  (4) marriage to Anne Hathaway;
  (5) London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor34;
  (6) the 1st Folio, Quarto;
  (7) Retired35, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.
  2. Dramatic career
  3. Major plays-men-centered.
  (1) Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate
  (2) The Merchant of Venice.
  Good over evil.
  Anti-Semitism.
  (3) Henry IV.
  National unity36.
  Falstaff.
  (4) Julius Caesar
  Republicanism vs. dictatorship.
  (5) Hamlet
  Revenge
  Good/evil.
  (6) Othello
  Diabolic character
  jealousy37
  gap between appearance and reality.
  (7) King Lear
  Filial ingratitude38
  (8) Macbeth
  Ambition vs. fate.
  (9) Antony and Cleopatra.
  Passion vs. reason
  (10) The Tempest
  Reconciliation39; reality and illusion.
  3. Non-dramatic poetry
  (1) Venus and Adonis; The Rape40 of Lucrece.
  (2) Sonnets:
  a. theme: fair, true, kind.
  b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion41.
  c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.
  d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.
  VI.Ben Jonson
  1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” (Sons of Ben)
  2.contribution:
  (1) the idea of “humour”.
  (2) an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner42 of classicism in English literature.
  3. Major plays
  (1) Everyone in His Humour—“humour”; three unities43.
  (2) Volpone the Fox



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 renaissance PBdzl     
n.复活,复兴,文艺复兴
参考例句:
  • The Renaissance was an epoch of unparalleled cultural achievement.文艺复兴是一个文化上取得空前成就的时代。
  • The theme of the conference is renaissance Europe.大会的主题是文艺复兴时期的欧洲。
2 overview 8mrz1L     
n.概观,概述
参考例句:
  • The opening chapter gives a brief historical overview of transport.第一章是运输史的简要回顾。
  • The seminar aims to provide an overview on new media publishing.研讨会旨在综览新兴的媒体出版。
3 impetus L4uyj     
n.推动,促进,刺激;推动力
参考例句:
  • This is the primary impetus behind the economic recovery.这是促使经济复苏的主要动力。
  • Her speech gave an impetus to my ideas.她的讲话激发了我的思绪。
4 antiquity SNuzc     
n.古老;高龄;古物,古迹
参考例句:
  • The museum contains the remains of Chinese antiquity.博物馆藏有中国古代的遗物。
  • There are many legends about the heroes of antiquity.有许多关于古代英雄的传说。
5 dissemination dissemination     
传播,宣传,传染(病毒)
参考例句:
  • The dissemination of error does people great harm. 谬种流传,误人不浅。
  • He was fully bent upon the dissemination of Chinese culture all over the world. 他一心致力于向全世界传播中国文化。
6 adherents a7d1f4a0ad662df68ab1a5f1828bd8d9     
n.支持者,拥护者( adherent的名词复数 );党羽;徒子徒孙
参考例句:
  • He is a leader with many adherents. 他是个有众多追随者的领袖。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The proposal is gaining more and more adherents. 该建议得到越来越多的支持者。 来自《简明英汉词典》
7 ingenuity 77TxM     
n.别出心裁;善于发明创造
参考例句:
  • The boy showed ingenuity in making toys.那个小男孩做玩具很有创造力。
  • I admire your ingenuity and perseverance.我钦佩你的别出心裁和毅力。
8 Christian KVByl     
adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒
参考例句:
  • They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
  • His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。
9 makers 22a4efff03ac42c1785d09a48313d352     
n.制造者,制造商(maker的复数形式)
参考例句:
  • The makers of the product assured us that there had been no sacrifice of quality. 这一产品的制造商向我们保证说他们没有牺牲质量。
  • The makers are about to launch out a new product. 制造商们马上要生产一种新产品。 来自《简明英汉词典》
10 sonnet Lw9wD     
n.十四行诗
参考例句:
  • The composer set a sonnet to music.作曲家为一首十四行诗谱了曲。
  • He wrote a sonnet to his beloved.他写了一首十四行诗,献给他心爱的人。
11 sonnets a9ed1ef262e5145f7cf43578fe144e00     
n.十四行诗( sonnet的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Keats' reputation as a great poet rests largely upon the odes and the later sonnets. 作为一个伟大的诗人,济慈的声誉大部分建立在他写的长诗和后期的十四行诗上。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He referred to the manuscript circulation of the sonnets. 他谈到了十四行诗手稿的流行情况。 来自辞典例句
12 conceits 50b473c5317ed4d9da6788be9cdeb3a8     
高傲( conceit的名词复数 ); 自以为; 巧妙的词语; 别出心裁的比喻
参考例句:
  • He jotted down the conceits of his idle hours. 他记下了闲暇时想到的一些看法。
  • The most grotesque fantastic conceits haunted him in his bed at night. 夜晚躺在床上的时候,各种离奇怪诞的幻想纷至沓来。
13 narrative CFmxS     
n.叙述,故事;adj.叙事的,故事体的
参考例句:
  • He was a writer of great narrative power.他是一位颇有记述能力的作家。
  • Neither author was very strong on narrative.两个作者都不是很善于讲故事。
14 defense AxbxB     
n.防御,保卫;[pl.]防务工事;辩护,答辩
参考例句:
  • The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
  • The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。
15 virtue BpqyH     
n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力
参考例句:
  • He was considered to be a paragon of virtue.他被认为是品德尽善尽美的典范。
  • You need to decorate your mind with virtue.你应该用德行美化心灵。
16 virtues cd5228c842b227ac02d36dd986c5cd53     
美德( virtue的名词复数 ); 德行; 优点; 长处
参考例句:
  • Doctors often extol the virtues of eating less fat. 医生常常宣扬少吃脂肪的好处。
  • She delivered a homily on the virtues of family life. 她进行了一场家庭生活美德方面的说教。
17 symbolic ErgwS     
adj.象征性的,符号的,象征主义的
参考例句:
  • It is symbolic of the fighting spirit of modern womanhood.它象征着现代妇女的战斗精神。
  • The Christian ceremony of baptism is a symbolic act.基督教的洗礼仪式是一种象征性的做法。
18 allusions c86da6c28e67372f86a9828c085dd3ad     
暗指,间接提到( allusion的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • We should not use proverbs and allusions indiscriminately. 不要滥用成语典故。
  • The background lent itself to allusions to European scenes. 眼前的情景容易使人联想到欧洲风光。
19 stanza RFoyc     
n.(诗)节,段
参考例句:
  • We omitted to sing the second stanza.我们漏唱了第二节。
  • One young reporter wrote a review with a stanza that contained some offensive content.一个年轻的记者就歌词中包含有攻击性内容的一节写了评论。
20 diplomat Pu0xk     
n.外交官,外交家;能交际的人,圆滑的人
参考例句:
  • The diplomat threw in a joke, and the tension was instantly relieved.那位外交官插进一个笑话,紧张的气氛顿时缓和下来。
  • He served as a diplomat in Russia before the war.战前他在俄罗斯当外交官。
21 Oxford Wmmz0a     
n.牛津(英国城市)
参考例句:
  • At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
  • This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。
22 chancellor aUAyA     
n.(英)大臣;法官;(德、奥)总理;大学校长
参考例句:
  • They submitted their reports to the Chancellor yesterday.他们昨天向财政大臣递交了报告。
  • He was regarded as the most successful Chancellor of modern times.他被认为是现代最成功的财政大臣。
23 philosophical rN5xh     
adj.哲学家的,哲学上的,达观的
参考例句:
  • The teacher couldn't answer the philosophical problem.老师不能解答这个哲学问题。
  • She is very philosophical about her bad luck.她对自己的不幸看得很开。
24 mariner 8Boxg     
n.水手号不载人航天探测器,海员,航海者
参考例句:
  • A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner.平静的大海决不能造就熟练的水手。
  • A mariner must have his eye upon rocks and sands as well as upon the North Star.海员不仅要盯着北极星,还要注意暗礁和险滩。
25 depicting eaa7ce0ad4790aefd480461532dd76e4     
描绘,描画( depict的现在分词 ); 描述
参考例句:
  • a painting depicting the Virgin and Child 一幅描绘童贞马利亚和圣子耶稣的画
  • The movie depicting the battles and bloodshed is bound to strike home. 这部描写战斗和流血牺牲的影片一定会取得预期效果。
26 awakening 9ytzdV     
n.觉醒,醒悟 adj.觉醒中的;唤醒的
参考例句:
  • the awakening of interest in the environment 对环境产生的兴趣
  • People are gradually awakening to their rights. 人们正逐渐意识到自己的权利。
27 secularism ad542df7a7131885e24a4dae18d8b8ae     
n.现世主义;世俗主义;宗教与教育分离论;政教分离论
参考例句:
  • Unless are devoted to God, secularism shall not leave us. 除非我们奉献于神,否则凡俗之心便不会离开我们。 来自互联网
  • They are no longer a huge threat to secularism. 他们已不再是民主的巨大威胁。 来自互联网
28 artistic IeWyG     
adj.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的
参考例句:
  • The picture on this screen is a good artistic work.这屏风上的画是件很好的艺术品。
  • These artistic handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends.外国朋友很喜欢这些美术工艺品。
29 bribery Lxdz7Z     
n.贿络行为,行贿,受贿
参考例句:
  • FBI found out that the senator committed bribery.美国联邦调查局查明这个参议员有受贿行为。
  • He was charged with bribery.他被指控受贿。
30 advancement tzgziL     
n.前进,促进,提升
参考例句:
  • His new contribution to the advancement of physiology was well appreciated.他对生理学发展的新贡献获得高度赞赏。
  • The aim of a university should be the advancement of learning.大学的目标应是促进学术。
31 varied giIw9     
adj.多样的,多变化的
参考例句:
  • The forms of art are many and varied.艺术的形式是多种多样的。
  • The hotel has a varied programme of nightly entertainment.宾馆有各种晚间娱乐活动。
32 playwright 8Ouxo     
n.剧作家,编写剧本的人
参考例句:
  • Gwyn Thomas was a famous playwright.格温·托马斯是著名的剧作家。
  • The playwright was slaughtered by the press.这位剧作家受到新闻界的无情批判。
33 tragical 661d0a4e0a69ba99a09486c46f0e4d24     
adj. 悲剧的, 悲剧性的
参考例句:
  • One day she was pink and flawless; another pale and tragical. 有的时候,她就娇妍、完美;另有的时候,她就灰白戚楚。
  • Even Mr. Clare began to feel tragical at the dairyman's desperation. 连克莱先生看到牛奶商这样无计奈何的样子,都觉得凄惨起来。
34 proprietor zR2x5     
n.所有人;业主;经营者
参考例句:
  • The proprietor was an old acquaintance of his.业主是他的一位旧相识。
  • The proprietor of the corner grocery was a strange thing in my life.拐角杂货店店主是我生活中的一个怪物。
35 retired Njhzyv     
adj.隐退的,退休的,退役的
参考例句:
  • The old man retired to the country for rest.这位老人下乡休息去了。
  • Many retired people take up gardening as a hobby.许多退休的人都以从事园艺为嗜好。
36 unity 4kQwT     
n.团结,联合,统一;和睦,协调
参考例句:
  • When we speak of unity,we do not mean unprincipled peace.所谓团结,并非一团和气。
  • We must strengthen our unity in the face of powerful enemies.大敌当前,我们必须加强团结。
37 jealousy WaRz6     
n.妒忌,嫉妒,猜忌
参考例句:
  • Some women have a disposition to jealousy.有些女人生性爱妒忌。
  • I can't support your jealousy any longer.我再也无法忍受你的嫉妒了。
38 ingratitude O4TyG     
n.忘恩负义
参考例句:
  • Tim's parents were rather hurt by his ingratitude.蒂姆的父母对他的忘恩负义很痛心。
  • His friends were shocked by his ingratitude to his parents.他对父母不孝,令他的朋友们大为吃惊。
39 reconciliation DUhxh     
n.和解,和谐,一致
参考例句:
  • He was taken up with the reconciliation of husband and wife.他忙于做夫妻间的调解工作。
  • Their handshake appeared to be a gesture of reconciliation.他们的握手似乎是和解的表示。
40 rape PAQzh     
n.抢夺,掠夺,强奸;vt.掠夺,抢夺,强奸
参考例句:
  • The rape of the countryside had a profound ravage on them.对乡村的掠夺给他们造成严重创伤。
  • He was brought to court and charged with rape.他被带到法庭并被指控犯有强奸罪。
41 complexion IOsz4     
n.肤色;情况,局面;气质,性格
参考例句:
  • Red does not suit with her complexion.红色与她的肤色不协调。
  • Her resignation puts a different complexion on things.她一辞职局面就全变了。
42 forerunner Ki0xp     
n.前身,先驱(者),预兆,祖先
参考例句:
  • She is a forerunner of the modern women's movement.她是现代妇女运动的先驱。
  • Penicillin was the forerunner of modern antibiotics.青霉素是现代抗生素的先导。
43 unities 446679b44211171b359e870c2c96ee00     
n.统一体( unity的名词复数 );(艺术等) 完整;(文学、戏剧) (情节、时间和地点的)统一性;团结一致
参考例句:
  • Aristotle's Poetics advocates the "dramatic unities'', the unities of action, place and time. 亚里士多德在《诗学》一书中提倡“戏剧的统一性”,即事件、事件发生的时间和地点的统一。 来自英汉非文学 - 文明史
  • All compounds are unities of opposites differing in nature. 化合物都是不同性质的东西的对立统一。 来自互联网
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