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Unit Twenty-three The grown of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal6 manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired7 on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends9 and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dectate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding10” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and the paid manager acting11 for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere12 size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. rival n.1.竞争对手 2.可与匹敌的人a.竞争的,对抗的 vt.与…竞争 displace vt.1.取代,替代 2.迫使…离开家园 liability n.1.责任 2.负债,债务 3.不利条件 bureaucracy n.1.官僚主义 2.政府机构,官僚 engagement n.1.订婚,婚约 2.约会 energetic a.精力充沛的,充满活力的 initiative n.1.主动性 2.主动的行动,倡议 3.主动权 municipal a.市的,市政的 shareholder2 n.股票持有人,股东 tram n.有轨电车 consequence n.1.结果,后果 2.重要(性),重大 manipulate vt.1.操纵,控制,影响 2.熟练操作,使用 detach vt.拆卸,使分开,使分离 dividend8 n.1.红利,股息 2.回报,效益 3.被除数 patriarchal a.1.家长的,父权制的 2.(动植物等)古老的
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