中考英语party:名词的用法专题精讲
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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)

  -命题趋势
  名词是历届各省市中考必考知识点。从考查形式看,一般有单项选择、词语运用和完形填空等。所占分值通常为1~3分。

  -考查重点

  中考试题对名词的考查涉及名词复数的构成、名词的所有格、可数名词与不可数名词的用法、专有名词的用法等。其中,不可数名词的数量表示法、名词双重所有格等又是考查的热点。

  一.名词的种类

  名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词是指某个或某些个人、地方、机构等专有名词。如Beijing,Tom,China等等,普通名词是指一类人或东西或是一个抽象的名称。如:book,pen apple等。

  普通名词又可以进一步分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词等四类。

  1.个体名词

  表示某类人或东西中的个体。如book(书),dog(狗),boy(男孩)

  2.集体名词

  表示若干个体组成的集合体。 如family(家庭), class(班)

  3.物质名词

  表示无法分为个体的实物。如water(水)tea(茶)milk(牛奶)等。

  4.抽象名词

  表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象的概念。如love(爱)peace(和平)等。

  有许多名词既可以作可数名词,也可以作不可数名词

  二.名词的数
  可数名词在应用时有单数和复数的区别,表示一个用单数,两个以上用复数,名词复数的构成有以下规则

  名词复数的构成规则

  1.一般在词尾直接加s,如book-books..

  2.以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词,通常在词尾加es,如bus-buses,box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches

  3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,把y变为i,再加es,如baby-babies

  (例外:部分专有名词直接加s,Mary-Marys)

  4.以f,fe结尾的名词,把f,fe变为v,再加es,如knife-knives

  (例外:roof-roofs,scarf-scarfs/scarves)

  5.以o结尾的名词有生命的加es,无生命的加s,如tomato-tomatoes,photo-photos

  (例外:kangaroo-kangaroos,lingo--lingoes)

  6.名词复数的不规则变化

  man-men,woman-women,child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice

  7.单复数形式相同的名词

  sheep绵羊;deer鹿

  8.表示“某国人”的名词遵循以下原则

  中日不变,如Chinese-Chinese,Japanese1-Japanese

  英法变,如Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen

  其他s加后面,如American-Americans,German-Germans2

  9.只有复数形式的名词

  trousers(裤子),glasses(眼镜),thanks(感谢),clothes(衣服)

  10.复合名词的变法

  an apple tree-some apple trees,a girl student-some girl students

  (例外:a woman teacher-some women teachers,a man teacher-some men teachers)

  三.修饰名词的词
  1.只能修饰可数名词复数的词

  数词,many,several3,a few,few,a (large)number of,

  如:two apples两个苹果,a large number of students 许多学生,several books几本书

  2.只能修饰不可数名词的词

  much, a little,little,a great deal4 of,如 much water 许多水,a little time一点儿时间

  3.既能修饰可数名词复数又能修饰不可数名词的词

  a lot of,lots of,plenty of,表示容器的量词

  如 a lot of books 许多书,a lot of milk 许多牛奶,two boxes of apples 两箱苹果,three cups of tea 三杯茶

  四、名词的所有格

  1、表示有生命的东西的名词,所有格一般在该名词后加’s

  如Jim’s sister(吉姆的姐姐);Li Ming’s book(李明的书)

  2、以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,只有名词右上方加’。

  如Teachers’Day(教师节)

  3、以s结尾的单数名词或人名可以加’s构成所有格

  如 the boss’s letter (老板的信)

  (特例:以s结尾的人名的所有格的构成加’s或’均可,如James’book/James’s book詹姆斯的书)

  4、如果某物为两人共有,则只在后一个名词词尾加’s;如果不是共有的,则两个名词后要加’s

  如:Jim and Kate’s room吉姆和凯特的房间(共有);Jane’s and Tom’s books珍和汤姆的书(不共有)

  5、复合名词的所有格在后一个名词词尾加’s构成

  如:her son-in-law’s car(她女婿的车);

  6.表示某人家,店铺等生活,工作处所的所有格后的名词常省略:

  如:at Mr Wang’s(在王先生家);at the tailor’s(在裁缝店);at the barber’s(在理发店)

  7、有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等名词也可以在词尾加’s构成所有格:

  如:today’s newspaper(今天的报纸);ten minutes’walk(步行十分钟的路程);Beijing’s street(北京的街道)

  8、物主如为无生命的名词,通常用“of+名词”结构来构成所有格:如the name of the hospital(医院的名称);the centre6 of the city(市中心)

  9、表示某物的一部分或抽象概念时,常用“of+名词”结构表示所有格:

  如:the top of the house房屋的顶部(一部分);the cost7 of living生活费用(抽象意义)

  10、如果在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时,常用“of+所有格”的形式,即双重所有格,来表示所属关系:

  如:a friend of my father’s=one of my father’s friends(我父亲的一位朋友)

  (还有一些表示“的”的词,如to,for,from。the answer to the question 问题的答案,the key to the door 门的钥匙,a ticket for the concert音乐会的票,a student from Beijing来自北京的学生)

  五.常用近义名词的区别


  1.family指“家庭”时,强调全体;指“家里人”时强调个体,与住房无关:My family is a big one.My family are having supper now.

  home指“家”,表示同一家庭共同生活的地方,具有感情色彩Kate has left home for school.可作副词也可作名词,意思是“在家”:I had8 to stay (at) home to do my homework.

  house指“住宅”、“住房”The Greens live in a big house.

  2.man总称“人”、“人类”,用单数

  So far,the moon has been visited by man.

  总称“男人”,用单数,不用冠词:Man is stronger than woman. 指个体“男人”,有单、复数:There are two men and three women over there.

  people泛指“人们”,表示复数概念:People often work in the day.

  指“人”的个体,但只表示复数概念:There are five people in my family.

  前面加定冠词指“人民”,表示复数概念:Let’s work for the people.

  指“民族”时,有单、复数之分:The Chinese people is a hardworking9 people.

  person强调“人”的个体,有单、复数之分:There are five persons10 in my family.

  3.police11总称“警察”,表示复数概念:The police were standing12 there.

  指“警察”的个体,但只表示复数概念:There are several police/policemen watching the traffic13.

  policeman强调“警察”的个体,有单、复数之分:My father is a policeman.

  4.universe指“宇宙万物”,强调物质概念:When we talk about the universe,we mean the earth14, the sun,the moon and many other stars.

  space指“太空”、“宇宙空间”,强调空间概念:Many countries have sent up the satellites15 into space.

  “空间”、“余地”、“空地”:There is no space on the bus.

  六、例题剖析

  例1. You should take more _______. Don’t always sit at the desk busy doing your_______.

  A. exercise, exercise

  B. exercises, exercises

  C. exercises, exercise

  D. exercise, exercises

  【答案】D

  exercise作“运动”讲时,是不可数名词;作“练习”讲时,是可数名词,有复数形式。本句第一空为“多做运动”,第二空为“练习”。

  例2 .Li Ling wants to be a singer. She thinks it’s an interesting_______.

  A. work B. job

  C. art D. career16

  【答案】B

  本题考查名词辨析。由an修饰可数名词,可知应选job。

  例3.The _______now is that we have lots of _______to ask.

  A. problem17, questions

  B. question, problems18

  C. question, problem D. problem, question

  【答案】A

  考查近义词。Question常与ask连用,如ask the question,不定式短语to ask在这里作定语修饰前面的名词question,因为question是可数名词,所以应为questions。

  例4.At the foot of the hill you could19 hear nothing but the _______of the running20 water.

  A. shout B. noise

  C. voice21 D. sound

  【答案】D

  sound指人所听到的、自然界的任何声音,题意为“流水声”,故选D。

  例5. _______are going22 to come to my home tonight.

  A. My brotherexercises three friend

  B. My brother of three friends

  C. Three my brother’s friend.

  D. Three friends of my brother’s

  【答案】D

  本题题意为“我弟弟朋友们中的三个”表示整体中的一部分,用双重所有格。

  七、名词专项同步练习

  1. In the picture there are many _______and two_______ .

  A. sheep, foxes

  B. sheeps, fox

  C. sheeps, foxes

  D. sheep. foxs

  2. In Britain,_______ are all painted red.

  A. letter boxes

  B. letters boxes

  C. letter box

  D letters box

  3. There are four _______and two in the group.

  A. Japanese, Germen

  B. Japaneses, Germen

  C.Japanese, Germans

  D. Japanese, Germens

  4. She was23 born24 in Wuhan,but Beijing has become her second_______ .

  A. home B. family

  C. house D. country

  5 .Mother brought25 me _______.

  A. a good news5

  B. a piece of news

  C. many good news

  D. two news

  6. March 8th is_______ Day.

  A. Woman’s

  B. Women’s

  C. Womans’

  D Women

  7. On the table there are five_______ .

  A .tomatos

  B .piece of tomatoes

  C. tomatoes

  D. tomato

  8. There are three_______ in our class.

  A. Zhou’s B. Zhous

  C. Zhous’ D. Zhous’s

  9 It’s about ten_______ walk.

  A .minute’s B .minutes’

  C minute D minutes

  10. This room is _______.

  A. Bill26 and David’s

  B. Bill’s and David’s

  C. Bills27 and David’s

  D. Bill and David

  11 . Please remember to give the horse some tree_______ .

  A leafs B .leaves29

  C .leaf28 D. leave

  12 .——Can we have some_______ ?

  ——Yes,please.

  A .banana B .oranges

  C. apple D .pear

  13. They got30 much_______ from those new books.

  A .ideas B .photos

  C .information31 D stories

  14 .What _______lovely weather it is!

  A /

  B. the

  C. an

  D .a

  15. ——Would you like_______ tea?

  —— No,thanks. I have drunk32 two_______ .

  A. any,bottles of orange

  B. some,bottles of orange

  C. many,bottles of oranges

  D. few, bottle of oranges

  参考答案

  1-5AACAB

  6-10BCBBA

  11-15BBCAB

 



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 Japanese W3vxm     
n.日本人;日语;日文;adj.日本的;日本语的
参考例句:
  • This is of Japanese make.这是日本制造的。
  • He began to learn Japanese three years ago.3年前他开始学日语。
2 Germans e4dc4686240326d7cfe5416bb2f96964     
n.德国人,德语( German的名词复数 );[医]德国人;[人名] 杰曼斯
参考例句:
  • The French and Germans each claimed the territory. 法国人和德国人都声称这块土地是他们的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • This is a custom amongst the Germans. 这是德国人特有的习俗。 来自《简明英汉词典》
3 several STMzb     
adj.几个,若干,数个;各个的,各自的
参考例句:
  • Words often have several meanings.单词往往有若干个意思。
  • Several new members have come into the club since last year.自去年以来,又有些新成员加入了俱乐部。
4 deal dy8xT     
n.交易,协定,份量;v.(dealt,dealt[delt])处理,应付,分配
参考例句:
  • Be careful. She is very difficult to deal with.可得当心,她很难对付。
  • Deal with a man as he deals with you.以其人之道,还治其人之身。
5 news OG1xE     
n.新闻,消息
参考例句:
  • No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息。
  • I like reading hot news.我喜欢读热点新闻。
6 centre twazmU     
n.中心;中央;v.集中
参考例句:
  • You should go to the shopping centre.你应该去购物中心。
  • Have you got a map of the city centre?你有市中心的地图吗?
7 cost 2zaxi     
n.价钱,费用,成本;损失,牺牲
参考例句:
  • What does the book cost?这本书值多少?
  • He saved his daughter at the cost of his life.他以牺牲自己的生命挽救了女儿。
8 had FeBxb     
vbl.have的过去式和过去分词;conj.有
参考例句:
  • I just had a good idea!我有个好主意!
  • The boy had a small branch of a tree in his hand.这个男孩手上拿一条小树枝。
9 hardworking Xr9z72     
adj.努力工作的
参考例句:
  • He found her a hardworking girl.他发现她是一个努力工作的女孩。
  • He also is very hardworking.他学习也非常刻苦。
10 persons d20dd267d55aba2427ce07f1f8b4d46e     
n.人( person的名词复数 );(语法)人称
参考例句:
  • She brought several persons of good credit to witness to her reputation. 她带来几位很有声誉的人物为她的名誉作证。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • An average of 1500 persons pass here every day. 每天平均有1500个人经过此地。 来自《简明英汉词典》
11 police rOKxD     
n.警察,警察当局,治安,公安;vt.维持治安,警备,管辖
参考例句:
  • They sent him over to the police.他们将他遣送警察局。
  • It took the police only several days to break the case.警察只用了几天就破案了。
12 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
13 traffic gn1w4     
adj.交通的;n.交通;vi.交易,买卖
参考例句:
  • That will help the traffic.这会促进交通状况。
  • He had a traffic accident.他出了交通事故。
14 earth ar7xL     
n.陆地;大地;地球
参考例句:
  • The earth moves round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
  • Spring returns to the earth.大地回春。
15 satellites 2db8c39a74e44ef5e087a2db922e7bc5     
n.卫星( satellite的名词复数 );人造卫星;卫星国;附庸国
参考例句:
  • Many countries have sent up man-made satellites to circle the earth. 许多国家已经发射人造卫星围绕地球运转。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The previously unidentified objects have now been definitely ascertained as being satellites. 原来所说的不明飞行物现在已证实是卫星。 来自《简明英汉词典》
16 career aTJyD     
n.事业;生涯
参考例句:
  • He made a successful career in business.他的商务生涯十分成功。
  • You're succeed in your career.你的事业很成功。
17 problem hQaxH     
n.问题;难题
参考例句:
  • The problem is ongoing.这个问题尚未解决。
  • This problem is too hard for me to solve.这个问题太难,我解决不了。
18 problems 8d8a1b73876ca678cc3afa372e5199de     
n.问题( problem的名词复数 );疑难问题;习题;思考题
参考例句:
  • It was an action replay of the problems of his first marriage. 这是他第一次婚姻问题的重演。
  • a few admin problems 一些行政问题
19 could lzvxe     
v.能,可能(can的过去式);aux.v.(can的过去式)能;可以
参考例句:
  • Could I open the window?我可以打开窗子吗?
  • I could wait ten minutes.我可以等十分钟。
20 running Zj0zaT     
n.赛跑,流出,运转;adj.流动的,跑着的,连续的
参考例句:
  • I like running.我喜欢跑步。
  • The water is running out.水流出来了。
21 voice weUzqh     
n.说话声;声音
参考例句:
  • Her voice was music to my ears.她的声音听起来就像音乐。
  • That song doesn't suit her voice.那首歌不适合她的嗓子。
22 going dsHzY9     
n.去,离去,地面(或道路)的状况,工作情况;(复数形式)goings: 行为;adj.进行中的,流行的,现存的
参考例句:
  • We're going to listen to a report this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去听报告。
  • He hates leaving the office and going on holiday.他不愿离开办公室去度假。
23 was bglwv     
v.(is,am的过去式)是,在
参考例句:
  • He said he was right.他说他是正确的。
  • He was cold and hungry.他又冷又饿。
24 born 8xkzhH     
v.动词bear的过去分词;adj.出生的,与生俱来的
参考例句:
  • The baby can cry as soon as he is born.婴儿生下来就会哭。
  • I feel as if I had been born again.我有一种再生之感。
25 brought 2SMyf     
vbl.bring的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • He brought a new book with him.他带来一本新书。
  • I brought you your shirt.我带来了你的衬衣。
26 bill MdAy2     
(Bill)比尔(男名);n.帐单,钞票,票据,清单;议案,法案;广告;鸟嘴,喙;vt.开帐单,用海报宣传,把...列成表
参考例句:
  • Bill is both a good swimmer and a good cook.比尔不仅是个游泳好手,而且是个烹调能手。
  • It will save trouble if you pay the bill now.如果你现在付账就没事了。
27 bills b5237b6a7892a42a4a7a60fdfbe828b9     
n.账单( bill的名词复数 );钞票;清单;广告
参考例句:
  • We pay all our bills by direct debit . 我们以直接借记方式支付所有账单。
  • Better insulation of your home will help to reduce heating bills. 增加房子的隔热性能会有助于减少供暖费用。
28 leaf 01jxs     
n.叶,树叶,花瓣;v.生叶,翻...的页
参考例句:
  • The trees are just beginning to leaf.树刚刚开始长叶子。
  • He take a leaf out of the book.他从书上撕下一页。
29 leaves b1xxm     
n.树叶,花瓣; leaf 的复数; leave 的单数第三人称现在式
参考例句:
  • The walk was covered with leaves.这人行道上满是树叶。
  • Will you check on the time the train leaves?请你核对一下火车开出的时间好吗?
30 got wfuxi     
v.(get的过去式)得到,猜到,明白
参考例句:
  • I just got some bad news.我刚得到一些坏消息。
  • I have got far too much work to do.我要做的事太多了。
31 information QQ5zY     
n.起诉;信息,消息;知识;报告,通知,情报
参考例句:
  • I hope the information I gave you was helpful.我希望我给你的消息对你有所帮助。
  • We must get further information.我们必须获得更多的消息。
32 drunk LuozL6     
adj.醉酒的;(喻)陶醉的;n.酗酒者,醉汉
参考例句:
  • People who drives when they are drunk should be heavily penalised.醉酒驾车的人应受重罚。
  • She found him drunk when she came home at night.她晚上回家时,经常发现他醉醺醺的。
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