ESA's Sentinel satellite, due for launch on April 3rd, should allow scientists to test this link in greater detail and eventually develop a forecast system for all volcanoes, including those that are remote and inaccessible¹. Volcano deformation² and, in particular, uplift are often considered to be caused by magma moving or pressurizing underground. Magma rising towards the surface could be a sign of an imminent³ eruption⁴. On the other hand, many other factors influence volcano deformation and, even if magma is rising, it may stop short, rather than erupting.

 

Dr Juliet Biggs and colleagues in the School of Earth Sciences, with collaborators from Cornell, Oxford⁵ and Southern Methodist University, looked at the archive of satellite data covering over 500 volcanoes worldwide, many of which have been systematically⁶ observed for over 18 years. Satellite radar⁷ (InSAR) can provide high-resolution maps of deformation, allowing the detection of unrest at many volcanoes that might otherwise go unrecognised. Such satellite data is often the only source of information for remote or inaccessible volcanoes.

 

The researchers applied⁸ statistical⁹ methods more traditionally used for medical diagnostic testing and found that many deforming¹⁰ volcanoes also erupted (46 per cent). Together with the very high proportion of non-deforming volcanoes that did not erupt (94 per cent), these jointly¹¹ represent a strong indicator¹² of a volcano's long-term eruptive potential.

 

Dr Biggs said: "The findings suggest that satellite radar is the perfect tool to identify volcanic¹³ unrest on a regional or global scale and target ground-based monitoring."

 

The work was co-funded by the UK Centre for Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET) and STREVA, a research consortium aimed at finding ways to reduce the negative consequences of volcanic activity on people and their assets.

 

"Improving how we anticipate activity using new technology such as this is an important first step in doing better at forecasting and preparing for volcanic eruptions," said STREVA Principal Investigator¹⁴, Dr Jenni Barclay.

 

Co-author Professor Willy Aspinall added: "Global studies of volcano deformation using satellite data will increasingly play a part in assessing eruption potential at more and more volcanoes, especially in regions with short historical records or limited conventional monitoring."

 

However, many factors and processes, some observable, but others not, influence deformation to a greater or lesser¹⁵ extent. These include the type of rock that forms the volcano, its tectonic characteristics and the supply rate and storage depth of magma beneath it. Thus, deformation can have different implications for different types of volcanoes. For volcanoes with short eruption cycles, the satellite record typically spans episodes that include both deformation and eruption, resulting in a high correlation¹⁶ between the two. For volcanoes with long eruption cycles, the satellite record tends to capture either deformation or eruption but rarely both.

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