Flapping insects build up an electrical charge that may make them more easily snared¹ by spider webs, according to a new study by University of California, Berkeley, biologists. The positive charge on an insect such as a bee or fly attracts the web, which is normally negatively or neutrally charged, increasing the chances that an insect flying by will contact and stick to the web, said UC Berkeley post-doctoral fellow Victor Manuel Ortega-Jimenez.

 

He also suspects that light flexible spider silk, the kind used for make the spirals on top of the stiffer silk that forms the spokes² of a web, may have developed because it more easily deforms³ in the wind and electrostatic charges（静电压） to aid prey⁴ capture.

 

"Electrostatic charges are everywhere, and we propose that this may have driven the evolution of specialized⁵ webs," he said.

 

Ortega-Jimenez, who normally studies hummingbird⁶（蜂鸟） flight, became interested in spider webs while playing with his four-year-old daughter.

 

"I was playing with my daughter's magic wand, a toy that produces an electrostatic charge, and I noticed that the positive charge attracted spider webs," he said. "I then realized that if an insect is positively⁷ charged too it could perhaps attract an oppositely charged spider web to affect the capture success of the spider web."

 

In fact, insects easily develop several hundred volts⁸ of positive charge from the friction⁹ of wings against air molecules¹⁰ or by contacting a charged surface. This is small compared to the several thousand volts we develop when walking across a rug and which gives us a shock when we touch a doorknob（门把手）, but is sufficient to allow a bee to electrostatically draw pollen¹¹ off a flower before landing.

 

To test his spider web hypothesis, Ortega-Jimenez sought out cross-spider (Araneus diadematus) webs along streams in Berkeley and brought them into the lab. He then used an electrostatic（静电的） generator¹² to charge up dead insects -- aphids（蚜虫类）, fruit flies, green-bottle flies, and honey bees -- and drop them into a neutral, grounded web.

 

"Using a high speed camera, you can clearly see the spider web is deforming¹³ and touching¹⁴ the insect before it reaches the web," he said. Insects without a charge did not do this. "You would expect that if the web is charged negatively, the attraction would increase."

 

Ortega-Jimenez plans to conduct further tests at UC Berkeley to determine whether this effect occurs in the wild, and find out whether static charges on webs attract more dirt and pollen and thus are a major reason orb¹⁵ web weavers¹⁶ rebuild them daily.

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