A team of Australian scientists involving the University of Adelaide has bred salt tolerance¹ into a variety of durum wheat（硬质小麦） that shows improved grain yield by 25% on salty soils. Using 'non-GM' crop breeding techniques, scientists from CSIRO Plant Industry have introduced a salt-tolerant gene² into a commercial durum wheat, with spectacular results shown in field tests. Researchers at the University of Adelaide's Waite Research Institute have led the effort to understand how the gene delivers salinity³（盐度） tolerance to the plants.

The research is the first of its kind in the world to fully⁴ describe the improvement in salt tolerance of an agricultural crop -- from understanding the function of the salt-tolerant genes⁵ in the lab, to demonstrating increased grain yields in the field.

The results are published March 11 in the journal Nature Biotechnology. The paper's senior author is Dr Matthew Gilliham from the University's Waite Research Institute and the ARC Centre of Excellence⁶ in Plant Energy Biology. Lead authors are CSIRO Plant Industry scientists Dr Rana Munns and Dr Richard James and University of Adelaide student Bo Xu.

"This work is significant as salinity already affects over 20% of the world's agricultural soils, and salinity poses an increasing threat to food production due to climate change," Dr Munns says.

Dr Gilliham says: "Salinity is a particular issue in the prime wheat-growing areas of Australia, the world's second-largest wheat exporter after the United States. With global population estimated to reach nine billion by 2050, and the demand for food expected to rise by 100% in this time, salt-tolerant crops will be an important tool to ensure future food security."

Domestication⁷（驯养，教化） and breeding has narrowed the gene pool of modern wheat, leaving it susceptible⁸ to environmental stress. Durum wheat, used for making such food products as pasta（意大利面食） and couscous（蒸粗麦粉） , is particularly susceptible to soil salinity.

However, the authors of this study realised that wild relatives of modern-day wheat remain a significant source of genes for a range of traits, including salinity tolerance. They discovered the new salt-tolerant gene in an ancestral cousin of modern-day wheat, Triticum monococcum.

"Salty soils are a major problem because if sodium⁹ starts to build up in the leaves it will affect important processes such as photosynthesis¹⁰, which is critical to the plant's success," Dr Gilliham says.

"The salt-tolerant gene (known as TmHKT1;5-A) works by excluding sodium from the leaves. It produces a protein that removes the sodium from the cells lining¹¹ the xylem, which are the 'pipes' plants use to move water from their roots to their leaves," he says.