Using computed¹ tomography (CT) imaging and advanced manufacturing techniques, a team of experts has created a reproduction of a 1704 Stradivarius（弦乐器） violin. Three-dimensional images of the valuable violin and details on how the replica² was made were presented November 28 at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA).

"CT scanning offers a unique method of noninvasively imaging a historical object," said Steven Sirr, M.D., a radiologist at FirstLight Medical Systems in Mora, Minn. "Combined with computer-aided machinery³, it also offers us the opportunity to create a reproduction with a high degree of accuracy."

Antonio Stradivari, an Italian who lived from 1644 to 1737, is regarded as history's greatest violin maker⁴. Of the estimated 1,000 violins Stradivari made, about 650 still exist and are highly prized for their unique sound quality. There are many theories but no simple explanation for the superiority of the Stradivarius. Many factors influence a violin's sound, from the qualities of the wood to the instrument's shape, degree of arching and wood thickness.

To create a violin with the same characteristics as the 1704 instrument known as "Betts," Dr. Sirr worked with professional violin makers⁵ John Waddle⁶ and Steve Rossow of St. Paul, Minn.

"We have two goals: to understand how the violin works and to make reproductions of the world's most prized violins available for young musicians who can't afford an original," Dr. Sirr said.

The original violin was scanned with a 64-detector CT, and more than 1,000 CT images were converted into stereolithographic files, which can be read by a computer-controlled router called a CNC machine. The CNC machine, custom-made for the project by Rossow, then carved the back and front plates and scroll⁷ of the violin from various woods. Finally, Waddle and Rossow finished, assembled and varnished⁸ the replica by hand.

"We believe this process of recreating old and valuable stringed instruments may have a profound influence upon modern string musicians," Dr. Sirr said.

Of the Stradivarius and other prized violins still in existence, many are housed in museums and are never played. Others are sold for millions of dollars to top professional musicians. The Betts Stradivarius is held in the U.S. Library of Congress.

Dr. Sirr, an amateur violinist, first scanned a violin with CT out of curiosity.

"I assumed the instrument was merely a wooden shell surrounding air," he said. "I was totally wrong. There was a lot of anatomy⁹（解剖学） inside the violin."

After he shared those first CT images with Waddle in 1989, the two spent years scanning more than 100 violins -- including 29 valuable instruments pre-dating 1827 -- and other stringed instruments to better understand their composition.

"Just like human beings, there is a wide range of normal variation among violins," Dr. Sirr said. "When you are looking at an instrument that is hundreds of years old, you will see worm holes and cracks that have been repaired, as well as damage from being exposed to all kinds of conditions, from floods to wars."

For owners of authentic¹⁰（真正的） Stradivarius or other prized violins, CT imaging not only provides a definitive¹¹ form of identification, it helps establish a pedigree（血统） that may increase the value of their investment.

"CT is useful in measuring wood density¹², size and shapes, thickness graduation and volume measurements," Dr. Sirr said. "It also provides detailed¹³ analysis of damage and repair."