Misshapen（畸形的，丑恶的） red blood cells (RBCs) are a sign of serious illnesses, such as malaria¹ and sickle² cell anemia³. Until recently, the only way to assess whether a person's RBCs were the correct shape was to look at them individually under a microscope -- a time-consuming process for pathologists. Now researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) have pioneered a technique that will allow doctors to ascertain⁴ the healthy shape of red blood cells in just a few seconds, by analyzing⁵ the light scattered⁶ off hundreds of cells at a time. The team reports its results in the October issue of the Optical Society's (OSA) open-access journal Biomedical Optics Express.

A healthy RBC looks like a disc with a depression -- called a dimple -- in the top and bottom. Stressed RBCs often have deeper dimples than healthy ones, giving the cells a deflated⁷（泄气的） look; others may have shallow dimples（酒窝） or no dimples at all. The UIUC researchers reasoned that if they shone light on a sample of blood and analyzed⁹ the light scattering¹⁰ off that sample, they would get a pattern -- a sort of signature produced by the way light interacts with itself in a three-dimensional space -- that would be different from the pattern collected from blood containing mostly misshapen cells. But these light-cell interactions were too complicated to analyze⁸ with the usual mathematical tools. So researchers made use of the Born approximation, a mathematical rule that can be used when the object of interest is small and transparent¹¹.

By running Fourier Transform Light Scattering (FTLS) -- a method developed by the same group three years ago -- on individual RBCs, the scientists found that the pattern changed significantly with the diameter and dimple width of the cells. Using this information, the UIUC team applied¹² the Born approximation to their findings and calculated what the appropriate scattering signature for healthy cells should be. They then used this new "healthy cell signature" to identify the correct morphology（形态学） of cells in a blood smear¹³. The new technique may allow for faster, accurate blood tests that could help doctors diagnose various types of anemia, and could be especially useful in resource-poor areas of the world, the researchers say.