A new risk prediction tool can identify patients at high risk of serious blood clots² who might need preventative treatment, according to a study published in the British Medical Journal online. The tool, which can be found at www.qthrombosis.org, is based on simple variables which the patient is likely to know and could be easily integrated into GP computer systems to risk assess patients prior to hospital admission, long haul flights, or starting medications that carry an increased clotting³ risk.

The condition, known as venous（静脉的） thromboembolism（血栓栓塞） , is a common potentially lethal⁴ disease which can be prevented. In England alone, it claims more than 25,000 lives each year and, of those who survive, almost a third experience long-term effects.

In 2010, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence⁵ (NICE) issued guidance to encourage the identification of high-risk patients and effective use of preventative measures. Yet there are no validated⁷ risk prevention algorithms（算法） suitable for use in primary care.

So researchers at The University of Nottingham set out to develop and validate⁶ a new clinical risk prediction algorithm (QThrombosis), designed to predict a person's risk of developing a potentially fatal clot¹.

Professor Julia Hippisley-Cox and Dr Carol Coupland, of the University's Division of Primary Care, used the QResearch database for the study (www.qresearch.org).

Using data from 563 general practices in England and Wales, they studied more than 3.5 million patients aged⁸ 25 to 84 years with no previous history of blood clots. First cases of venous thromboembolism -- either deep vein⁹ thrombosis or pulmonary embolism -- were identified from a patient's medical records or death certificate, at one year and five years.

The rate of venous thromboembolism was around 15 cases per 10,000 person years of observations.

They show that the risk of venous thromboembolism in both men and women increased with increasing age, body mass index and quantity of cigarettes smoked each day. Risks were also elevated among those with varicose veins¹⁰, congestive（充血的） heart failure, chronic¹¹ kidney disease, chronic lung disease, inflammatory bowel¹² disease, and any cancer.

Admission to hospital in the last six months also conferred a greater risk, as did taking antipsychotic drugs, oral contraceptives, HRT or tamoxifen.

The authors conclude: "We have developed and validated a new risk prediction model which identifies patients at high risk of venous thromboembolism. The algorithm is based on simple clinical variables which the patient is likely to know or which are routinely recorded in GP computer systems.

"The algorithm could be integrated into GP computer systems and used to risk assess patients prior to hospital admission or prior to the initiation¹³ of medication which might increase risk of venous thromboembolism."

They add: "Further research is needed to assess how best to use the algorithm and whether, upon implementation¹⁴, it has any impact on health outcomes."