A team led by a scientist at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine has discovered a regulatory protein that influences where genetic² material gets swapped³（交换，交易） between maternal⁴ and paternal⁵ chromosomes⁷（染色体） during the process of creating eggs and sperm⁸. The findings, which shed light on the roots of chromosomal⁹ errors and gene¹ diversity, appear in tomorrow's issue of Nature. Most cells contain 46 chromosomes, half coming from each parent. But eggs and sperm, known as germ cells, have half as many so that when they combine to form an embryo¹⁰（胚胎，胚芽） , the correct chromosome⁶ number is maintained, explained senior author Judith Yanowitz, Ph.D., assistant professor of obstetrics（产科学） , gynecology（妇科学） and reproductive sciences, Pitt School of Medicine, a member of the Magee-Womens Research Institute, and former staff associate at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore.

"When germ cells form, segments（片段） of DNA¹¹ are exchanged, or recombined, between maternal and paternal chromosomes, leading to greater diversity in the daughter cells," she said. "Our research reveals a protein that plays a key role in choosing where those crossovers（交叉） occur."

Crossing over is essential for the correct movement, or segregation¹², of chromosomes into the germ cells. Failure to exchange DNA properly can lead to offspring with the wrong number of chromosomes and, in humans, defects in this process are a leading cause of infertility¹³, Dr. Yanowitz noted¹⁴.

Despite the importance of this process for development, little is known about the factors that influence where crossovers occur and how they are regulated. In the genome of the tiny round worm C. elegans（线虫） that the researchers studied, gene recombination typically occurs toward the ends of the chromosomes, which contains fewer genes¹⁵.

But the "crossover landscape," as Dr. Yanowitz calls it, changed in two ways in worms that had a mutation¹⁶ in a protein called X non-disjunction factor (xnd-1): crossovers instead occurred in the gene-rich, central areas of the chromosomes; and crossovers on the X chromosome often did not occur.

"This is the first gene in any system that is specifically required for the segregation of single chromosomes," she said. "The fact that this is the X chromosome is interesting because the sex chromosomes play a unique role both in germ line and general development."

These observations led the researchers to suggest that xnd-1affects the way chromosomes are packaged into the nucleus¹⁷（核心） of the cell as a DNA protein complex known as chromatin. They further showed xnd-1 alters a component¹⁸ of chromatin that has been maintained through species evolution and that this packaging is directly responsible for the effects on crossover formation.