Scientists at Duke University Medical Center have identified a new growth factor that stimulates¹（刺激，鼓励） the expansion and regeneration of hematopoietic（生血的，造血的） (blood-forming) stem cells in culture and in laboratory animals. The discovery, appearing in the journal Nature Medicine, may help researchers overcome one of the most frustrating² barriers to cellular³ therapy: the fact that stem cells are so few in number and so stubbornly（倔强地，顽强地） resistant⁴ to expansion. Researchers believe that umbilical cord（脐带） blood could serve as a universal source of stem cells for all patients who need a stem cell transplant, but the numbers of stem cells in cord blood units are limited, so there is a clinical need to develop a method to expand cord blood stem cells for transplantation purposes. "Unfortunately, there are no soluble⁵（可溶的，可解决的） growth factors identified to date that have been proven to expand human stem cells for therapeutic⁶ purposes," said John Chute, M.D., a stem cell transplant physician and cell biologist at Duke and senior author of the paper.

Chute, working with Heather Himburg, a post-doctoral fellow in his laboratory, discovered that adding pleiotrophin（多效蛋白） , a naturally-occurring growth factor, stimulated⁷ a ten-fold expansion of stem cells taken from the bone marrow⁸（骨髓） of a mouse.

They also found that pleiotrophin increased the numbers of human cord blood stem cells in culture that were capable of engraftment（移植，嫁接） in immune-deficient mice. When they injected pleiotrophin into mice that had received bone marrow-suppressive radiation, they observed a 10-fold increase in bone marrow stem cells compared to untreated mice. "These results confirmed that pleiotrophin induces stem cell regeneration following injury," said Chute.

Chute says the finding could lead to broader application of cord blood transplants for the large numbers of patients who do not have an immune-matched donor⁹ "Perhaps more importantly, systemic treatment with pleiotrophin may have the potential to accelerate recovery of the blood and immune system in patients undergoing chemotherapy（化学疗法） or radiotherapy（放射疗法） ," he said.

Given the potency¹⁰（效能，潜力） of the effect of pleiotrophin on stem cell expansion, the authors examined whether pleiotrophin provoked（被激怒的） blood-forming cells to become malignant¹¹（恶性的，有害的） . So far, Chute says they have not seen any evidence of cancer in mice up to six months after treatment with pleiotrophin.

The Duke team is already conducting further experiments to determine if pleiotrophin is necessary for normal stem cell growth and development, and Chute says it will be important to conduct additional animal studies before moving into human clinical trials. "At this point, any progress we can make that helps us better understand which biological pathways are activated¹² in stem cells in response to pleiotrophin will help move the discovery forward."