英语诗歌的欣赏(一)
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2008-11-11 03:14 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
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英诗浩瀚,篇幅长短不一,长至成集,短至几句。本文从实用角度阐述英诗的欣赏:诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。

  诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术。

  一、 诗的格律

  “格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬(重),在音节上用“-”或“ˊ”标示,非重读音节为抑(轻),在音节上用“︶”标示,音步之间可用“/”隔开。以下是五种常见格式:

  1. 抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。

  As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,

  So deep / in luve / am I :

  And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,

  Till a` / the seas / gang dry:

  Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose

  注;art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go

  上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:︶-/︶-/︶-/(︶-)

  2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。

  下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为:-︶/-︶/-︶/-

  Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright

  In the / forests / of the / night

  William Blake: The Tyger

  3. 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如:三音步抑抑扬格︶︶-/︶︶-/︶︶-

  Like a child / from the womb,

  Like a ghost / from the tomb,

  I arise / and unbuild / it again.

  4. 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如:两音步扬抑抑格-︶︶/-︶︶

  ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully,

  ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully.

  - Thomas Hood1

  5. 抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如:三音步抑扬抑格︶-︶/︶-︶/︶-︶下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。

  O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight2.

  在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。

  二、 诗的押韵

  押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。

  1. 尾韵:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。

  1) 联韵:aabb型。

  I shot an arrow into the air,

  It fell to earth, I knew not where;

  For, so swiftly it flew, the sight

  Could not follow it in its flight.

  Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song

  2) 交叉韵:abab型。

  Sunset and evening star,

  And one clear call for me!

  And may there be no moaning of the bar,

  When I put out to sea,

  Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar

  3) 同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。

  如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。

  The woods are lovely, dark and deep,

  But I have promises to keep,

  And miles to go before I sleep,

  And miles to go before I sleep.

  Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

  2. 头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下例中运用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。

  The fair breeze blew, the white foam3 flew,

  The furrow4 followed free,

  We were the first that ever burst

  Into that silent sea.

  T.S. Coleridge: Rime5 of the Acient Mariner6

  3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。

  下面一节诗中/i/及/iη/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。

  Spring, the sweet spring, is the year‘s pleasant king;

  Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,

  Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:

  Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!

  Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 hood ddwzJ     
n.头巾,兜帽,覆盖;v.罩上,以头巾覆盖
参考例句:
  • She is wearing a red cloak with a hood.她穿着一件红色带兜帽的披风。
  • The car hood was dented in.汽车的发动机罩已凹了进去。
2 knight W2Hxk     
n.骑士,武士;爵士
参考例句:
  • He was made an honourary knight.他被授予荣誉爵士称号。
  • A knight rode on his richly caparisoned steed.一个骑士骑在装饰华丽的马上。
3 foam LjOxI     
v./n.泡沫,起泡沫
参考例句:
  • The glass of beer was mostly foam.这杯啤酒大部分是泡沫。
  • The surface of the water is full of foam.水面都是泡沫。
4 furrow X6dyf     
n.沟;垄沟;轨迹;车辙;皱纹
参考例句:
  • The tractor has make deep furrow in the loose sand.拖拉机在松软的沙土上留下了深深的车辙。
  • Mei did not weep.She only bit her lips,and the furrow in her brow deepened.梅埋下头,她咬了咬嘴唇皮,额上的皱纹显得更深了。
5 rime lDvye     
n.白霜;v.使蒙霜
参考例句:
  • The field was covered with rime in the early morning.清晨地里覆盖着一层白霜。
  • Coleridge contributed the famous Rime of the Ancient Mariner.柯勒律治贡献了著名的《老水手之歌》。
6 mariner 8Boxg     
n.水手号不载人航天探测器,海员,航海者
参考例句:
  • A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner.平静的大海决不能造就熟练的水手。
  • A mariner must have his eye upon rocks and sands as well as upon the North Star.海员不仅要盯着北极星,还要注意暗礁和险滩。
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