Questions 16-17

　　Dr. Kim： Electronic fetal monitors, now routinely used in hospital delivery rooms to check fetal heartbeat, are more intrusive¹ than ordinary stethoscopes and do no more to improve the chances that a healthy baby will be born. Therefore, the additional cost of electronic monitoring is unjustified and such monitor-jog should be discontinued.

　　Dr. Anders： I disagree. Although you and I know that both methods are capable of providing the same information, electronic monitoring has been well worth the cost. Doctors now know the warning signs they need to listen for with stethoscopes, but only because of what was learned from using electronic monitors.

　　16. Which one of the following principles, if accepted, would provide the most support for Dr. Kim's contention² that the use of electronic fetal monitors should be discontinued？

　　（A） Hospitals should discontinue the routine use of a monitoring method whenever an alternative method that provides more information becomes available.

　　（B） Monitoring procedures should be routinely used in delivery rooms only if they provide information of a kind that is potentially useful in ensuring that a healthy baby will be born.

　　（C） When two methods available to hospitals provide the same kind of information, the more intrusive method should not be used.

　　（D） When the use of a medical device has enabled doctors to learn something that improves the chances that babies will be born healthy, that device is well worth its cost.

　　（E） Routinely used medical procedures should be reevaluated periodically to be sure that these procedures provide reliable information.

　　17. As a reply to Dr. Kim's argument, Dr. Anders' response is inadequate³ because it

　　（A） misses the point at issue

　　（B） assumes what it sets out to prove

　　（C） confuses high cost with high quality

　　（D） overestimates⁴ the importance of technology to modem⁵ medicine

　　（E） overlooks the fact that a procedure can be extensively used without being the best procedure available

　　18. Professor Hartley's new book on moral philosophy contains numerous passages that can be found verbatim in an earlier published work by Hartley's colleague, Professor Lawrence. Therefore in view of the fact that these passages were unattributed in Hartley's book. Hartley has been dishonest in not acknowledging the intellectual debt owed to Lawrence.

　　Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument is based？

　　（A） Hartley could not have written the new book without the passages in question.

　　（B） While writing the new book, Hartley had access to the manuscript of Lawrence s book.

　　（C） A book on moral philosophy should contain only material representing the author's own convictions.

　　（D） Lawrence did not get the ideas in the passages in Question or did not get their formulations originally from Hartley.

　　（E） Hartley considered the passages in question to be the best possible expressions of the ideas they contain.

　　19. People who receive unsolicited advice from someone whose advantage would be served if that advice is taken should regard the proffered⁶ advice with skepticism unless there is good reason to think that their interests substantially coincide with those of the advice giver in the circumstance in question.

　　This principle, if accepted, would justify⁷ which one of the following judgments⁸？

　　（A） After learning by chance that Harriet is Looking for a secure investment for her retirement⁹ savings¹⁰. Floyd writes to her recommending the R&M Company as an especially secure investment. But since Floyd is the sole owner of R&M, Harrier should reject his advice out of hand and invest the savings elsewhere.

　　（B） While shopping for a refrigerator. Ramon is approached by a salesperson¹¹ who, on the basis of her personal experience, warns him against the least expensive model. However, the salesperson's commission increases with the price of the refrigerator sold, so Ramon should not reject the least expensive model on the salesperson's advice alone.

　　（C） Mario wants to bring pastry¹² to Yvette's party, and when he consults her Yvette suggests that he bring his favorite chocolate fudge brownies from the local bakery. However, since Yvette also prefers those brownies to any other pastry, Mario would be wise to check with others before following her recommendation.

　　（D） Sara overhears Ron talking about a course he will be teaching and interrupts to recommend a textbook for his course. However, even though Sara and Ron each wrote a chapter of' this textbook, since the book's editor is a personal friend of Sara's, Ron should investigate further before deciding whether it is the best textbook for his course.

　　（E） Mel is buying fish for soup. Joel, who owns the fish market where Mel is a regular and valued customer, suggests a much less expensive fish than the fish Mel herself prefers. Since if Mel follows Joel's advice, Joel will make less profit on the sale than he would have otherwise. Mel should follow his recommendation.

　　20. Last year the county park system failed to generate enough revenue to cover its costs. Any business should be closed if it is unprofitable, but county parks are not businesses. Therefore, the fact that county parks are unprofitable does not by itself justify closing them.

　　The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most closely paralleled in which one of the following？

　　（A） A prime-time television series should be canceled if it fails to attract a large audience, but the small audience attracted by the documentary series is not sufficient reason to cancel it, since it does not air during prime time.

　　（B） Although companies that manufacture and market automobiles¹³ in the United States must meet stringent¹⁴ air-quality standards, the OKESA company should be exempt¹⁵ from these standards since it manufactures bicycles in addition to automobiles.

　　（C） Although the province did not specifically intend to prohibit betting on horse races when it passed a law prohibiting gambling¹⁶, such betting should be regarded as being prohibited because it is a form of gambling.

　　（D） Even though cockatiels are not, strictly¹⁷ speaking, members of the parrot family, they should be fed the same diet as most parrots since the cockatiel's dietary needs are so similar to those of parrots01.

　　（E） Since minors are not subject to the same criminal laws as are adults, they should not be subject to the same sorts of punishments as those that apply to adults

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