10. There are rumors¹ that the Premier² will reshuffle the cabinet this week. However, every previous reshuffle that the Premier has made was preceded by meetings between the Premier and senior cabinet members. No such meetings have occurred or are planned. Therefore the rumors are most likely false. 
　　 
　　Which one of the following most accurately³ expresses a principle of reasoning employed by the argument? 

　　(B) A hypothesis is undermined when a state of affairs does not obtain that would be expected to obtain if the hypothesis were true. 
(C) It is possible for a hypothesis to be false even though it is supported by all the available data. 

　　(D) Even if in the past a phenomenon was caused by particular circumstances, it is erroneous to assume that the phenomenon will recur⁴ only under the 　　circumstances in which it previously⁵ occured. 

　　(E) If two statements are known to be inconsistent with each other and if one of 　the statements is known to be false, it cannot be deduced from these known facts that the other statement is true.

　　Questions 11-12
　　Carl: Researchers who perform operations on animals for experimental purposes are legally required to complete detailed⁶ pain protocols⁷ indicating whether the animals will be at risk of pain and, if so, what steps will be taken to minimize or alleviate⁸ it. Yet when human beings undergo operations, such protocols are never required. If lawmakers were as concerned about human beings as they seem to be about animals, there would be pain protocols for human beings too. 
Debbie: But consider this: a person for whom a doctor wants to schedule surgery can simply be told what pain to expect and can then decide whether or not to undergo the operation. So you see, pain protocols are unnecessary for human beings.

　　11. Debbie attempts to counter Carl’s argument by.

　　(A) showing that one of the claims on which Carl bases his conclusion is 　　inaccurate⁹

　　(B) pointing out a relevant difference to undermine an analogy on which Carl 　　bases his conclusion

　　(C) claiming that Carl’s argument should be rejected because it is based on an 　　appeal to sentimentality rather than on reasoned principles

　　(D) drawing an analogy that illustrates¹⁰ a major flaw in Car’s argument

　　(E) offering a specific example to demonstrate that Carl’s argument is based on 　　a claim that can be neither confirmed nor disproved.

　　12. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument made by Debbie in response to Car’s argument?

　　(A) Not all operations that are performed on human beings are painful.
　(B) Some experimentation¹¹ that is now done on animals need not be done at all.

　　(C) Preparing pain protocols is not a time-consuming or costly¹² procedure.

　　(D) Some surgical¹³ operations performed on infants are painful.

　　(E) Unalleviated pain after an operation tends to delay the healing process.

　　13. A company with long-outstanding bills owed by its customers can assign those bills to collection agency that pays the company a fraction of their amount and then tries to collect payment from the customers. Since these agencies pay companies only 15 percent of the total amount of the outstanding bills, a company interested in reducing losses from long-outstanding bills would be well advised to pursue its debtors¹⁴ on its own.

　　The argument depends on the assumption that

　　(A) a company that prusues its debtors on its own typically coliects more than 　　15 percent of the total amount of the long-outstanding bills that it is owed

　　(E) unless most of the customers of a company pay their bills, that company in 　　the long run will not be profitable.
14. Herbalist: Many of my customers find that their physical coordination¹⁵ improves after drinking juice containing certain herbs. A few doctors assert that the herbs are potentially harmful, but doctors are always trying to maintain a monopoly over medical therapies. So there is no reason not to try my herb juice.

　　The reasoning in the herbalist’s argument is flawed because the argument
　　(A) attempts to force acceptance of a claim by inducing fear of the 　　consequences of rejecting that claim

　　(B) bases a conclusion on claims that are inconsistent with each other

　　(C) rejects a claim by attacking the proponents¹⁶ of the claim rather than 　　addressing the claim itself

　　(D) relies on evidence presented in terms that presuppose the truth of the claim 　　for which the evidence is offered.

　　(E) mistakes the observation that one thing happens after another for proof that 　　the second thing is the result of the first

　　Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?
　(A) Most poachers who are discouraged from hunting rhinoceroses¹⁸ are not 　　likely to hunt other animals for their horns.

　　(B) At least some rhinoceroses whose horns are periodically trimmed off will be 　　able to attract mates.

　　(C) Poachers hunt at least some immature¹⁹ rhinoceroses whose horns have not 　　yet started to develop.

　　(D) The demand for rhinoceros¹⁷ horns will remain constant even if the supply 　　decreases after the periodic trimming-off of the rhinoceros horns has 　　begun.

　　(E) Rhinoceroses whose horns have been trimmed off are unable to defend 　　themselves against predators²⁰.

　　16. Motorcoach driver: Professional drivers spend much more time driving. on average, than do other people and hence are more competent drivers than are other, less experienced drivers. Therefore, the speed limit on major highways should not be reduced, because that action would have the undesirable²¹ effect of forcing some people who are now both law-abiding and competent drivers to break the law.

　　The point at issue between the motorcoach driver and the police officer is whether.
(A) it would be desirable to reduce the speed limit on major highways

　　(B) professional drivers will drive within the legal speed limit if that limit is 　　reduced

　　(C) reducing the speed limit on major highways would cause some professional 　　drivers to break the law.

　　(D) professional drivers are more competent drivers than are other, less 　　experienced drivers.

　　(E) all drivers wish to drive within the speed limit

　　17. People cannot devote themselves to the study of natural processes unless they have leisure, and people have leisure when resources are plentiful²², not when resources are scarce. Although some anthropologists claim that agriculture, the cultivation²³ of crops, actually began under conditions of drought and hunger, the early societies that domesticated²⁴ plants must first have discovered how the plants they cultivated reproduced themselves and grew to maturity²⁵. These complex discoveries were the result of the active study of natural processes.

　　The argument is structured to lead to the conclusion that 
　　(A) whenever a society has plentiful resources, some members of that society 　　devote themselves to the study of natural processes.

　　(B) plants cannot be cultivated by someone lacking theoretical knowledge of the 　　principles of plant generation and growth

　　(C) agriculture first began in societies that at some time in their history had 　　plentiful resources

　　(D) early agricultural societies knew more about the natural sciences than did 　　early nonagriculatural societies

　　(E) early societies could have discovered by accident how the plants they 　　cultivated reproduced and grew

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