22. George: The economics taught in college is very confusing-and that's because it's all wrong.
　　
　Harold: If it's all wrong, why is college economics still force-fed to students?

　George: It's very difficult to learn something that's all wrong, and if, by chance, someone does waste all that time and learn it, he or she will be inclined to defend it ferociously¹ and pass it on to others

　Which one of the following, if true, would most directly challenge George's reasoning?

　(A) Many college graduates who have taken economics go on to successful careers in a variety of other fields.
　(B) College students who major in economics tend to earn higher grades in economics than in their other subjects.
　(C) "Right" and "wrong" are relative terms in the field of economics.
　(D) Many economics professors agree with journal articles that strongly criticize college economics.
　(E) Interviews five years after graduation show that economics majors are just as likely to say that their college experience was enjoyable as are those who did not major in economics.
　
　23. The existentialists are right about one thing we are alone, radically² alone. The proof is obvious. Suppose you were born with a physiology³ that permitted you to perceive only negative images, that is, you saw black where everyone else saw white and white where everyone else saw black. Nevertheless, you would learn to call what you saw as black by the name "white" because this is what you would be taught, and there would be no way that you could discover your error.

　Which one of the following can be validly⁴ inferred from the statements in the argument above?
　
　(A) Some people are born with reversed perceptions of black and white, and they cannot discover this
　(B) People with reversed perceptions of black and white would not choose their words any differently from anyone else
　(C) Existentialism is a sound philosophy, as is amply demonstrated by the physiology of color perception.
　(D) The existentialists claim that some people are born with reversed perceptions of black and white.
　(E) The existentialists claim that people mean different things when they use the words "black" and "white."
　
　24. Odysseus answered well when the priests showed him a picture of those who had honored the gods and then escaped shipwreck⁵, and asked him whether he did not now acknowledge the power of the gods-"Yes," he asked, but where are those pictured who were drowned after their prayers? And such is the way of all superstitions⁶; wherein humans,having a delight in such vanities, mark the events where they are fulfilled, but where they fail, though this happens much oftener negiect and pass them by.

　Which one of the following contains the error of reasoning described by the author in the passage?

　(A) I have discovered that Friday the 13th really is a day of misfortune. Just this past Friday the 13th, I locked myself out of the house.
　(B) Although Napoleon and Alexander the Great were short, Abraham Lincoln and Charles de Gaulle were tall. So short people seek leadership in order to overcome feelings of inferiority.
　(C) Every semester for the past 15 years, an average of 10 percent of Ms. Elliot's history students have dropped her course before the exam. So, it seems likely that we can expect 10 percent to drop out this year.
　(D) No reliable observer has ever actually seen a yeti. The strongest evidence seems to be some suspicious tracks. So I thing this search for a yeti is probably a wild-goose chase.
　(E) I cannot trust my lucky shirt any longer wore it to the game today and our team lost.

　25. A well-known former quarterback is probably very adept⁷ at analyzing⁸ the relative strengths of football teams. However, efforts by television advertisers to suggest that the quarterback is an expert on pantyhose or popcorn⁹ poppers should arouse skepticism among viewers. The same response should result when a popular television actor, who is frequently cast in the role of a doctor, appears in a commercial to endorse¹⁰ a brand of decaffeinated coffee. His views on television acting¹¹ would deserve attention since he has had considerable experience in that field, but viewers have every right to doubt his authority in coffee advertisements.
　　
　Which one of the following is a presupposition essential to the reasoning in the passage above?

　(A) The strength of authoritative¹² evidence as legitimate¹³ proof is closely related to the authority's degree of expertness in the area in question.
　(B) Practical experience counts for more than academic trairng in assessing the competence¹⁴ of authorities.
　(C) The only kind of evidence being used in many television commercials is appeal to authority
　(D) The viewing audience is not sufficlently capable of evaluating authoritative appeals in advertisements.
　(E) Television viewers will somehow mentally transfer the credibility of celebrities¹⁵ in one area of expertise¹⁶ to another represented by the product being advertised.
　　
　26. Judging by the box office receipts, film audiences have had a surfeit¹⁷ of spectacular special effects and are more interested in good drama comedy, or engaging action than in seeing yet another spaceship explode.Film producers are getting the message, so in the coming year expect ___
　
　Which one of the following best concludes the author s statement?
　　
　(A) more science fiction in an effort to increase box office receipts
　(B) fewer spaceships exploding, but no change in the amount of the other spectacular special effects used in science fiction
　(C) the pendulum to swing away from science fiction, providing science fiction films continue to use spectacular special effects
　(D) more spectacular effects along with increasing levels of difficult stunt work
　(E) more films combining good drama with spectacular special effects

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