20世纪90年代，加州伯克利大学的Paul Wink提出，自恋者应该分为两种类型：自大暴露狂（Grandiosity-Exhibitonism）和脆弱敏感型（Vulnerability-Sensitivity）。

 

As it turns out, there are some striking similarities between the popular understanding of introversion and a psychological characteristic called covert narcissism.

其实，人们对于内向和隐秘自恋型心理特征的理解有些惊人地相似。

 

Maybe you know someone like this: They tend to believe they're being underestimated or overlooked, like their amazing qualities are forever going unnoticed by everyone else. They often take things too personally, especially criticism, and sometimes feel a little resentful when other people bother them with their problems. 

也许你认识这样的人：他们总认为自己被看轻了，或者被忽视了，比如他们的一些令人惊叹的品质总是不被人注意。他们过于较真，尤其对批评很在意，当其他人因为自己的问题打扰他们时，他们还有些小愤怒。

 

这些人就是我们所说的“隐秘的自恋者”（covert narcissist）。