A University of Southampton researcher has helped solve a long-standing space mystery -- the origin of the 'theta aurora¹'. Auroras are the most visible manifestation² of the Sun's effect on Earth. They are seen as colourful displays in the night sky, known as the Northern or Southern Lights. They are caused by the solar wind, a stream of plasma³ -- electrically charged atomic particles -- carrying its own magnetic field, interacting with Earth's magnetic field.

 

Normally, the main region for this impressive display is the 'auroral⁴ oval', which lies at around 65-70 degrees north or south of the equator, encircling the polar caps.

 

However, auroras can occur at even higher latitudes⁶. One type is known as a 'theta aurora' because seen from above it looks like the Greek letter theta -- an oval with a line crossing through the centre.

 

While the cause of the auroral oval emissions⁷ is reasonably well understood, the origin of the theta aurora was unclear until now.

 

Researchers observed particles in the two 'lobe⁸' regions of the magnetosphere. The plasma in the lobes⁹ is normally cold, but previous observations suggested that theta auroras are linked with unusually hot lobe plasma.

 

Dr Robert Fear from the University of Southampton (formerly at the University of Leicester, where much of the research took place), and lead author of the paper published in Science this week, says: "Previously¹⁰ it was unclear whether this hot plasma was a result of direct solar wind entry through the lobes of the magnetosphere, or if the plasma is somehow related to the plasma sheet on the night side of Earth.

 

"One idea is that the process of magnetic reconnection on the night side of Earth causes a build-up of 'trapped' hot plasma in the higher latitude⁵ lobes."

 

The mystery was finally solved by studying data collected simultaneously¹¹ by the European Space Agency's (ESA) Cluster and NASA's IMAGE satellites on 15 September 2005. While the four Cluster satellites were located in the southern hemisphere magnetic lobe, IMAGE had a wide-field view of the southern hemisphere aurora. As one Cluster satellite observed uncharacteristically energetic plasma in the lobe, IMAGE saw the 'arc' of the theta aurora cross the magnetic footprint of Cluster.

 

"We found that the energetic plasma signatures occur on high-latitude magnetic field lines that have been 'closed' by the process of magnetic reconnection, which then causes the plasma to become relatively¹² hot," says Dr Fear.

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