An international team of astronomers² has answered a long standing³ question about the enigmatic（神秘的） jets emitted by black holes, in research published today in the journal Nature. Jets are narrow beams of matter spat⁴ out at high speed from near a central object, like a black hole.

 

"Although they have been observed for decades, we're still not sure what they are made of, or what powers them," ESO astronomer¹ Dr María Díaz Trigo, lead author of the study, said.

 

The team studied the radio waves and X-rays emitted by a small black hole a few times the mass of the Sun. The black hole in question was known to be active, but the team's radio observations did not show any jets, and the X-ray spectrum⁵ didn't reveal anything unusual.

 

However, a few weeks later, the team took another look and this time saw radio emissions⁶ corresponding to the sudden appearance of these jets, and even more interestingly, lines had appeared in the X-ray spectrum -- the tell-tale signature of ordinary atoms -- around the black hole.

 

"Intriguingly⁸（有趣地）, we found the lines were not where they should be, but rather were shifted significantly," Dr James Miller⁹ Jones from the Curtin University node of the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), who led the radio observations, said.

 

The same effect occurs when a siren from a vehicle changes pitch（沥青，高音） as it moves towards or away from us, as the sound wave is shortened or lengthened¹⁰ by the movement.

 

"It led us to conclude the particles were being accelerated to fast speeds in the jets, one directed towards Earth, and the other one in the opposite direction," team member Dr Simone Migliari from the University of Barcelona said.

 

Dr Miller-Jones said this is the first strong evidence of such particles in jets from a typical small black hole.

 

"We've known for a long time that jets contain electrons, but haven't got an overall negative charge, so there must be something positively¹¹ charged in them too," Dr Miller Jones said.

 

"Until now it wasn't clear whether the positive charge came from positrons, the antimatter 'opposite' of electrons, or positively charged atoms. Since our results found nickel and iron in these jets, we now know ordinary matter must be providing the positive charge."

 

Positively charged atoms are much heavier than the positrons astronomers thought might make up the jets, and therefore the jets can carry away far more energy from the black hole than previously¹² confirmed.What's more, astronomers aren't sure whether the jets are powered by the spin of the rotating black hole itself, or whether they are instead launched directly from the disk of matter that surrounds the black hole.

 

"Our results suggest it's more likely the disk is responsible for channelling the matter into the jets, and we are planning further observations to try and confirm this," Dr Miller-Jones said. Using the X-ray data, the team also determined¹³ the jets were moving at 66% of the speed of light, or 198,000 km/s, the most accurate determination to date of the jet speed from a run-of-the-mill black hole that's a few times the mass of the Sun.

 

For their observations, the team used the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton satellite to observe X-ray emission⁷ from the black hole, as well as CSIRO's Australia Telescope Compact Array for the radio observations.

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