A University of Utah study shows that men hit harder when they stand on two legs than when they are on all fours, and when hitting downward rather than upward, giving tall, upright males a fighting advantage. This may help explain why our ape-like human ancestors began walking upright and why women tend to prefer tall men.

"The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that our ancestors adopted bipedal（二足的） posture¹ so that males would be better at beating and killing² each other when competing for females," says David Carrier, a biology professor who conducted the study. "Standing³ up on their hind⁴ legs allowed our ancestors to fight with the strength of their forelimbs, making punching much more dangerous."

"It also provides a functional⁵ explanation for why women find tall men attractive," Carrier adds. "Early in human evolution, an enhanced capacity to strike downward on an opponent may have given tall males a greater capacity to compete for mates and to defend their resources and offspring. If this were true, females who chose to mate with tall males would have had greater fitness for survival."

Carrier's new study is being published Wednesday, May 18 in the online Public Library of Science journal PLoS ONE.

The idea is not new that fighting and violence played a role in making human ancestors shift from walking on all fours to walking on two legs. But Carrier's new study physically⁶ demonstrates the advantage of fighting from an upright, two-legged posture.

Carrier measured the force of punches by male boxers⁷ and martial⁸ arts practitioners⁹ as they hit in four different directions: forward, sideways, down and up.

A punching bag fitted with a sensor¹⁰ measured the force of forward and sideways punches. For strikes downward and upward, the men struck a heavy padded block on the end of a lever that swung up and down because it was suspended from an axle（车轴） .

In either case, the men struck the target as hard as they could both from a standing posture and on their hands and knees.

The findings: for all punching angles, men hit with far more force when they were standing, and from both postures¹¹ they could hit over twice as hard downward as upward.