Understanding the genetics of bipolar disorder³（躁郁症） could lead to new treatments, but identifying specific genetic² variations associated with this disorder has been challenging. A new study in Biological Psychiatry⁴ implicates⁶ a brain protein called Piccolo in the risk for inheriting bipolar disorder. In the orchestra（管弦乐队） of neuronal proteins, Piccolo is a member of a protein family that includes another protein called Bassoon. Piccolo is located at the endings of nerve cells, where it contributes to the ability of nerve cells to release their chemical messengers.

Choi and colleagues conducted a creative study to implicate⁵ the gene¹ coding for Piccolo (PCLO) in the heritable risk for bipolar disorder.

They compared gene expression patterns in postmortem（验尸，检视） cortical（皮质的） tissue from people who were diagnosed with bipolar disorder to tissue from people who did not have psychiatric illnesses prior to their death. This analysis identified 45 genes⁷ and genetic variations that had significantly altered mRNA levels, and they used this information to narrow the part of the genome that they explored in their genetics study.

They then tested genetic markers (small DNA⁸ sequence variations called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs) that are close to the genes that had altered expression levels in the postmortem tissue. A marker for PCLO, SNP rs13438494, emerged as significant in this analysis, suggesting that variation in PCLO contributes to the risk for bipolar disorder.

"We have taken an innovative⁹ approach in correlating gene expression with genetic variation data from well-characterized postmortem brains and then combining with a large scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies," explained Dr. Kwang Choi. "If replicated¹⁰, this study could finally forge a link between gene expression and genome-wide association studies in a complex genetic disorder."

"This study is an example of how better knowledge of brain biology may help to guide our genetics studies," added Dr. John Krystal, Editor of Biological Psychiatry.