Foreign pests are eating their way through our national forests, destroying majestic¹（庄严的，宏伟的） scenery and costing taxpayers² millions of dollars. If enforcement efforts to prevent their importation aren't stepped up, irreplaceable（不能替代的） resources will be lost forever and taxpayers can expect to fork over billions of dollars by 2019, according to a comprehensive study published today in BioScience.

Researchers at the University of California at Santa Barbara, Michigan State University, the University of Central Florida and the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service analyzed³ the impact of invasive insects and pathogens（病原体） introduced into the United States through 2007.

What they found was a staggering（蹒跚的，令人惊愕的） list of more than 455 insects and 16 pathogens that are destroying everything from oak trees in California to redbay trees in Central Florida. Based on the pattern, the researchers predict one especially destructive pest will sneak⁴ into the nation every two years.

"Entire forests are being wiped out, and it is costing taxpayers millions as the government tries to eradicate⁵（根除，灭绝） invaders⁶ that threaten industries dependent on trees and plants," said Besty Von Holle, a UCF biologist who worked on the project. "We're losing a variety of native species as a result of importing these pests. It's not just aesthetics⁷（美学） . It's impacting our economy."

These pests and diseases sneak into the country on everything from horticultural（园艺的） (or plant) imports to the wooden pallets used to transport building supplies, electronic goods and toilet paper, among other products.

"Global trade has had tremendous benefits for Americans," said lead author Juliann Aukema from the National Center for Ecological⁸ Analysis and Synthesis in Santa Barbara. "Unfortunately, it also has resulted in the introduction of destructive insects and other organisms that threaten native ecosystems⁹ and the services they provide."

No section of the country is immune.

Laurel wilt¹⁰ disease is one of the latest organisms to be spread by a foreign beetle¹¹ in the southeastern United States. It is wiping out redbay trees in Georgia and last month was discovered in Seminole County, Fla. Redbay trees are important to wildlife, and certain butterflies depend on them for survival.

California has been battling sudden oak death, a pathogen that is destroying oak trees in California and Oregon since the 1990s. California has spent millions trying to stop it, because the trees are a state treasure.

The Asian longhorned beetle（天牛） , which came into the United States hidden in wooden packing pallets, has ravaged¹²（毁坏，破坏） all sorts of trees in New York City and Chicago. So far, those communities have spent $220 million fighting the infestation¹³（感染，侵扰） .

Another beetle, the emerald（翡翠的） ash borer, has been destroying trees in the Midwest since 2002. It is estimated municipalities will spend more than $10 billion for landscape and tree treatments and removals in the next 10 years battling the ash borer.

"Once here, these invasive species are virtually impossible to stop," Von Holle said.

Recommendations include better screening before letting items into the country. The department within the USDA that is in charge of screening at airports and ports is now part of Homeland Security.

"These screening agents have too much to do, and right now the focus is on finding bombs and weapons," Von Holle said. "That's absolutely right, but we also need to be more aggressive about biological threats that could undermine（破坏） large parts of the U.S. economy and harm our environment."