Therapeutic¹ antibodies can be an efficient alternative when common drugs do not work anymore. However, antibodies obtained from blood of animals such as mice could not be used: The human immune system recognizes them as foreign and rejects them. In an international cooperation, scientists from the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) in Braunschweig, Germany have now succeeded in developing a promising² approach to solve this problem; with the help of human stem cells they generated mice with a human immune system, which were then vaccinated³（接种疫苗） to produce human monoclonal antibodies（单株抗体） . These fully⁴ human antibodies could help in the research and therapy of human diseases. Their results have now been published in the current online issue of the scientific journal "PLoS One". Antibodies are small proteins, produced by B cells during an immune response. They bind⁵ at and thus mark invading pathogens（病原体） so that scavenger⁶ cells（巨噬细胞） recognize and destroy them. "The task of our immune system is to distinguish between self and non-self structures," says Professor Carlos A. Guzmàn, head of the department of "Vaccinology and Applied⁷ Microbiology" at the HZI. "This means also that only human antibodies come into question for an antibody therapy", since the human immune system fights antibodies from mice – a threat for the patient. Furthermore, it is cumbersome⁸（笨重的，累赘的） to humanize murine（鼠科的） antibodies for human treatment or to generate human B cell clones producing high quantities of antibodies.

The scientists used an already established method to give a human immune system to mice, which were then exploited to solve this problem: they injected human stem cells into young mice that due to a genetic⁹ defect lack an immune system. The stem cells migrate into the bone marrow¹⁰, proliferate¹¹（增殖，扩散） , differentiate¹² and lead to the generation of a human immune system. "In our in-depth investigations¹³ we were able to detect all important types of immune cells in these mice," says Dr. Pablo Becker, scientist in the HZI department "Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology".

To validate¹⁴ the new approach, mice with a human immune system were vaccinated against Hepatitis B or Tetanus. The scientists then isolated¹⁵ human antibody producing B cells from the mice and treated them so that they survive outside the body in a cell culture dish and continue producing antibodies. Then, the researchers took a deeper look at the antibodies. The results give hope: "Antibodies from mice with a human immune system showed good properties in our tests, but the model still needs to be improved for broad implementation¹⁶（实现，履行） in biomedicine," says Pablo Becker. "However, we were able to demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to produce human monoclonal antibodies using humanized mice." Now it is important to improve this mouse model to use it one day for the development of advanced therapies against human diseases. "In the future this approach might represent the most powerful tool to develop therapeutic antibodies for clinical use," hopes Becker.