A team of international researchers has brought the primary component¹（主要成分） of mammoth²（猛犸象） blood back to life using ancient DNA³ preserved in bones from Siberian specimens⁴（样本） 25,000 to 43,000 years old. Studies of recreated mammoth haemoglobin（血红蛋白） , published today (Monday 3 May) in Nature Genetics, reveal special evolutionary⁵ adaptations that allowed the mammoth to cool its extremities⁶（四肢） down in harsh Arctic conditions to minimise heat loss.

"It has been remarkable⁷ to bring a complex protein from an extinct species, such as the mammoth, back to life," says Professor Alan Cooper, Director of the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD) at the University of Adelaide, where the mammoth haemoglobin sequences were determined⁸.

"This is true palaeobiology（古生物学） , as we can study and measure how these animals functioned as if they were alive today."

Professor Cooper is an Australian Research Council Future Fellow and a member of the University's Environment Institute.

"We've managed to uncover physiological⁹（生理学的） attributes of an animal that hasn't existed for thousands of years," says team leader Professor Kevin Campbell of the University of Manitoba, Canada. "Our approach opens the way to studying the biomolecular（生物分子的） and physiological characteristics of extinct species, even for features that leave no trace in the fossil record."

The project began over seven years ago when Professor Campbell contacted Professor Cooper, who was then based at the University of Oxford¹⁰, to suggest resurrecting（复活，复兴） mammoth haemoglobin.

"At the time, I thought 'what a great idea' – but it's never going to work," says Professor Cooper. "Still, bringing an extinct protein back to life is such an important concept, we've got to try it."

The team converted the mammoth haemoglobin DNA sequences into RNA, and inserted them into modern-day E. coli bacteria, which then manufactured the authentic¹¹（可信的，真实的） mammoth protein.

"The resulting haemoglobin molecules¹² are no different than 'going back in time' and taking a blood sample from a real mammoth," says Professor Campbell.

The team used modern scientific physiological tests and chemical modelling to characterise the biochemical properties that confer（授予，给予） mammoths with physiological cold tolerance¹³（耐寒性） .

Team member Professor Roy Weber of the University of Aarhus, Denmark, who performed the physiological testing on the mammoth proteins, says the findings help show how the mammoth survived the extreme Arctic cold.

"Three highly unusual changes in the protein sequence allowed the mammoth's blood to deliver oxygen to cells even at very low temperatures, something that indicates adaptation to the Arctic environment," Professor Weber says.

"We can now apply similar approaches to other extinct species, such as Australian marsupials（有袋类） ," says team member Dr Jeremy Austin, ACAD Deputy Director, who is currently using ancient DNA to study the evolution and extinction¹⁴ of the thylacine（袋狼） and Tasmanian Devil.