婴儿哭闹crying
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2008-06-27 08:46 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
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  Crying哭闹

  Crying should be distinguished1 from colic. Crying is the only means an infant has to signify distress2. Causes may be mundane3 (eg, a neonate accustomed to the tight environment of the womb becoming frightened by unrestricted arm and leg movements) or serious (eg, ear infection, abdominal4 pain). Often there is no obvious cause. Persistent5 or prolonged crying, especially with signs of illness, requires a search for a cause. Crying almost always improves by 4 to 6 mo; when it does not, providers should suspect physical pain or tension within the family.

  应将哭闹与疝痛相区别。哭闹是婴儿表达痛苦的唯一方式。它有可能是日常原因引起的(如习惯于子宫紧密环境的新生儿会因手足运动的自由而受到惊吓)。哭闹常常无明显原因。持续、长时间的哭闹,特别是伴有生病症状,就必须寻找病因。哭闹几乎总会在4-6个月时改善。如果确实没有改善,就应怀疑是否有身体疼痛或家庭关系紧张。

  Evaluation评估

  History: History focuses on the amount, timing7, and quality of the crying as well as any signs of illness. Reports of fever or URI suggest possible otitis media. Reports of diarrhea or vomiting8 suggest pain from a GI process, ranging from gastroenteritis to more serious conditions. Reports of extreme parental9 frustration10 suggest tensions within the family that may be reflected in the infant's behavior.

  病史:病史评估重点是哭闹数量、时间、性质及任何疾病症状。发烧或上呼吸道感染反映提示中耳炎可能。腹泻或呕吐反映提示胃肠道问题引起的疼痛,如胃肠炎甚至更严重的疾病。如反映父母极其失望,则提示家 关系紧张,并影响到婴儿行为。

  Physical examination: Examination focuses on growth parameters11 and any signs of illness. Distorted or erythematous tympanic membranes12 suggest otitis media. Abdominal distention or masses suggest an intra-abdominal process causing pain. Fever and fussiness13 without an apparent cause may result from UTI.

  体检:体检重点是生长发育情况及疾病症状。鼓膜变形或红斑提示中耳炎,腹胀或腹部肿块提示腹内病变引起疼痛。发烧或无明显原因的生气可能是泌尿道感染所致。

  Testing: In most cases, testing is unnecessary unless otherwise indicated by history and examination.

  化验:多数情况无需化验,除非在病史或体检中发现其他指症。

  Treatment治疗

  The clinician's role in managing crying is to present explanations and options to parents, who can then try different strategies to diminish the child's crying. Approaches vary with cause and age. Infants are often comforted by swaddling, ambient noise, and movement, as in rocking or swinging in a swing. Both infants and older children often respond to a ride in the car. If parents and physician are convinced that there is no serious cause for the crying, the infant may be allowed to cry for a short period (“5-minute rule”), then parents comfort the infant and re-start the clock. Often parents are relieved to know that they can let the infant cry, and often the infant will stop spontaneously before the prescribed period is over.

  在处理哭闹时,临床医师的作用在于为父母提供解释和处理方案,父母据此偿试用不同的方法减少小儿哭闹。所用方法因哭闹原因和小儿年龄而异。婴儿常常通过襁褓、环境声音和运动进行安抚,如摇、荡秋千。乘车通常对婴儿和幼儿都有效。如果父母和医师都确信哭闹并无严重原因,就可以任婴儿哭一小会(“5分钟规则”),然后父母再去安慰,并重复这一作法。当父母知道可以让婴儿哭时就会感到轻松,婴儿也常常会在预定时间结束前自行停止哭闹。



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 distinguished wu9z3v     
adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的
参考例句:
  • Elephants are distinguished from other animals by their long noses.大象以其长长的鼻子显示出与其他动物的不同。
  • A banquet was given in honor of the distinguished guests.宴会是为了向贵宾们致敬而举行的。
2 distress 3llzX     
n.苦恼,痛苦,不舒适;不幸;vt.使悲痛
参考例句:
  • Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。
  • Please don't distress yourself.请你不要忧愁了。
3 mundane F6NzJ     
adj.平凡的;尘世的;宇宙的
参考例句:
  • I hope I can get an interesting job and not something mundane.我希望我可以得到的是一份有趣的工作,而不是一份平凡无奇的。
  • I find it humorous sometimes that even the most mundane occurrences can have an impact on our awareness.我发现生活有时挺诙谐的,即使是最平凡的事情也能影响我们的感知。
4 abdominal VIUya     
adj.腹(部)的,下腹的;n.腹肌
参考例句:
  • The abdominal aorta is normally smaller than the thoracic aorta.腹主动脉一般比胸主动脉小。
  • Abdominal tissues sometimes adhere after an operation.手术之后腹部有时会出现粘连。
5 persistent BSUzg     
adj.坚持不懈的,执意的;持续的
参考例句:
  • Albert had a persistent headache that lasted for three days.艾伯特连续头痛了三天。
  • She felt embarrassed by his persistent attentions.他不时地向她大献殷勤,使她很难为情。
6 evaluation onFxd     
n.估价,评价;赋值
参考例句:
  • I attempted an honest evaluation of my own life.我试图如实地评价我自己的一生。
  • The new scheme is still under evaluation.新方案还在评估阶段。
7 timing rgUzGC     
n.时间安排,时间选择
参考例句:
  • The timing of the meeting is not convenient.会议的时间安排不合适。
  • The timing of our statement is very opportune.我们发表声明选择的时机很恰当。
8 vomiting 7ed7266d85c55ba00ffa41473cf6744f     
参考例句:
  • Symptoms include diarrhoea and vomiting. 症状有腹泻和呕吐。
  • Especially when I feel seasick, I can't stand watching someone else vomiting." 尤其晕船的时候,看不得人家呕。”
9 parental FL2xv     
adj.父母的;父的;母的
参考例句:
  • He encourages parental involvement in the running of school.他鼓励学生家长参与学校的管理。
  • Children always revolt against parental disciplines.孩子们总是反抗父母的管束。
10 frustration 4hTxj     
n.挫折,失败,失效,落空
参考例句:
  • He had to fight back tears of frustration.他不得不强忍住失意的泪水。
  • He beat his hands on the steering wheel in frustration.他沮丧地用手打了几下方向盘。
11 parameters 166e64f6c3677d0c513901242a3e702d     
因素,特征; 界限; (限定性的)因素( parameter的名词复数 ); 参量; 参项; 决定因素
参考例句:
  • We have to work within the parameters of time. 我们的工作受时间所限。
  • See parameters.cpp for a compilable example. This is part of the Spirit distribution. 可编译例子见parameters.cpp.这是Spirit分发包的组成部分。
12 membranes 93ec26b8b1eb155ef0aeaa845da95972     
n.(动物或植物体内的)薄膜( membrane的名词复数 );隔膜;(可起防水、防风等作用的)膜状物
参考例句:
  • The waste material is placed in cells with permeable membranes. 废液置于有渗透膜的槽中。 来自辞典例句
  • The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system of intracellular membranes. 肌浆网属于细胞内膜系统。 来自辞典例句
13 fussiness 898610cf9ec1d8717aa6b3e3ee4ac3e1     
[医]易激怒
参考例句:
  • Everybody knows that this is not fussiness but a precaution against burglars. 大家知道,这不是为了多事,而是为了防贼。 来自互联网
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