经贸博览之五:知识产权
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Table of contents

  I. What is "intellectual property" 什么是知识产权

  1. Definition of "intellectual property" "知识产权"定义

  2. Types of intellectual property 知识产权类型

  3. Major international conventions on intellectual property 主要的知识产权国际公约

  4. Important terms related to intellectual property 与知识产权有关的术语

  II. China's intellectual property 中国的知识产权

  1. China's laws governing the intellectual property rights 中国知识产权法律

  2. China's governmental authorities on the protection of IPR

  中国负责知识产权的政府机构

  III. Case Study about IPR—— Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act

  案例——美国版权法第110节第5段

  IV. TRIPS issues to be discussed in the new round of WTO negotiations1

  新一轮WTO谈判所涉及的知识产权议题

  I. What is "intellectual property" 什么是知识产权?

  Definition of "intellectual property" "知识产权"定义

  According to the WIPO (the World Intellectual Property organization), intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic2 works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce.

  根据世界知识产权组织,知识产权指的是智力创造,包括:用于商业用途的发明、文学和艺术作品、标志、名称、形象和设计。

  Types of intellectual property 知识产权类型

  According to the Trips Agreement, the term "intellectual property" refers to all categories of intellectual property that are the subject of Sections 1 through 7 of Part II of Trips Agreement. To be specific, the types of intellectual property are copyright and related rights; trademarks4 (including service marks); geographical5 indications; industrial designs; patents; layout-designs of integrated circuits; undisclosed information (including trade secrets).

  根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》,"知识产权"指的是该协定第二部分第1至7节所包括的有关知识产权的所有范畴。具体而言,知识产权类型包括:版权极其相关权利;商标(包括服务商标);地理标识;工业设计;专利;集成电路布图设计;未披露信息(包括商业秘密)。

  2. Major international conventions on intellectual property 主要的知识产权国际公约

  Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property《保护工业产权的巴黎公约》

  Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works《保护文学和艺术作品的伯尔尼公约》

  Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations《保护表演者、录音制品制作者和广播组织的罗马公约》

  4. Important terms related to intellectual property 与知识产权有关的术语

  TRIPS协定中重要术语的解释

  Trademark商标

  According to Article 15.1 of Trips Agreement, the term "trademark3" refers to any sign, or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking7 from those of other undertakings8.

  根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》第15.1条,"商标"指的是能将一企业的货物或服务区别于其它企业的货物或服务的任何标记或任何标记组合。 Copyright版权

  Copyright is a legal term describing rights given to creators for their literary and artistic works.

  版权是指描述给予文学和艺术作品创造者的权利的法律术语。

  The kinds of works covered by copyright include: literary works such as novels, poems, plays, reference works, newspapers and computer programs; databases; films, musical compositions, and choreography; artistic works such as paintings, drawings, photographs and sculpture; architecture; and advertisements, maps and technical drawings.

  版权所包括的作品种类包括:文学作品,例如小说、诗歌、剧本、参考书目、报纸和电脑程序;数据库;电影、音乐作品、舞蹈;艺术作品,例如绘画、制图、照片和雕塑;建筑;广告、地图和技术制图。

  rights related to copyright——neighboring rights与版权相关的权利——邻接权

  These related rights grew up around copyrighted works, and provide similar, although often more limited and of shorter duration, rights to:

  performing artists (such as actors and musicians) in their performances;

  producers of sound recordings9 (for example, cassette recordings and compact discs) in their recordings;

  broadcasting organizations in their radio and television programs.

  邻接权产生于版权所有的作品,并提供相似的,虽然经常更有限的和为期更短的权利给:

  在表演中的表演艺术家(例如演员和音乐家);

  在录音制品中的录音制品制作者(例如磁带和CD)

  在广播组织的广播和电视节目中的广播组织。

  Patents专利

  According to the Article 27.1 of the TRIPS Agreement, the term of "patents" refers to any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application.

  根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》第27.1条, 专利指的是在所有的科技领域中的任何发明,无论是产品还是程序,只要它们是新的、涉及一项发明性步骤、能够供工业应用。

  Well-known trademarks驰名商标

  According to the Article 16.1 of the TRIPS Agreement, in determining whether a trademark is well-known, Members shall take account of the knowledge of the trademark in the relevant sector10 of the public, including knowledge in the Member concerned which has been obtained as a result of the promotion11 of the trademark.

  根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》第16.1条,在决定商标是否驰名,成员应当考虑在相关公共领域中对此商标的知识,包括有关成员在该商标推广之后对此商标所获得的知识。

  工业设计Industrial Designs

  An industrial design is the ornamental12 or aesthetic13 aspect of an article. The design may consist of three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color.

  工业设计是一件物品的装饰或美学层面。设计可以是三维特征,例如一件物品的外形或表面;或二维特征,例如式样、线条或颜色。

  Industrial designs are applied14 to a wide variety of products of industry and handicraft: from technical and medical instruments to watches, jewelry15, and other luxury items; from housewares and electrical appliances to vehicles and architectural structures; from textile designs to leisure goods.

  工业设计应用于从技术和医学器械到手表、珠宝和其它奢侈品;从家用器皿和电器到交通工具和建筑结构;从纺织品设计到休闲用品的非常广泛的工业品和手工艺品。

  Geographical indications地理标识

  According to the Article 22.1 of the TRIPS Agreement, the term of "geographical indications" refers to the indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially16 attributable to its geographical origin.

  根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》第22.1条,"地理标识"指的是能表明一货物来源于一成员领土或该领土内一地区或地方,该货物的某种特征、名声或其它特征本质上归因于其地理来源。

  Layout-designs of integrated circuits集成电路布图设计

  An "integrated circuit" means a product, in its final form or an intermediate form, in which the elements, at least one of which is an active element, and some or all of the interconnections are integrally formed in and/or on a piece of material and which is intended to perform an electronic function.

  集成电路指的是一件产品,在其最终形态或中间形态中,元件(至少有一件是有源元件)和一些或全部的连接是集成在材料中和/或上,以执行某种电子功能。

  II. China's intellectual property 中国的知识产权

  1. China's laws governing the intellectual property rights 中国知识产权法律

  China has three laws governing the protection of intellectual property, which are: Trademark Law of P.R.C.; Copyright Law of P.R.C.; Patent Law of P.R.C.

  中国知识产权法律三大法:《商标法》、《版权法》《专利法》。

  2. China's governmental authorities on the protection of IPR

  中国负责知识产权的政府机构

  The intellectual property rights (IPR) protection mainly involve the following the authorities of the Central Government in China: the State Intellectual Property Office, Trademark Office, Press and Publication Administration; General Administration of Customs; Legislative17 Affairs Office of the State Council; Ministry18 of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation; National Copyright Administration.

  国家知识产权办公室、商标局、新闻出版署、海关总署、国务院法制办公室、对外贸易经济合作部、国家版权局。

  III. Case Study about IPR—— Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act

  案例——美国版权法第110节第5段

  Background背景介绍

  The case originated in complaint launched by Irish Music Rights Organization (IMRO). After an investigation19 made by the European Commission, the EU decided20 to challenge the exemptions22 permitted in Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act, as they were believed to cause unreasonable23 prejudice to composers, performers and publishers of music.

  本案例缘起于"爱尔兰音乐权利组织"的一起上诉。在欧盟委员会调查之后,欧盟决定挑战美国版权法110节第5段所允许的例外,因为该例外被认为对音乐作者、表演者和发行人造成了不合理的侵害。

  The core of this dispute is the Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act, which, according to the EC, imposed more limit on the exclusive rights given to the right holders25 by Section 106 of US Copyright Act.

  该贸易争端的核心是美国版权法110节第5段。据欧盟方面而言,该段对《美国版权法》第106节所给予权利持有人的专有权施加了更多的限制。

  Now, let's read the Sections 106 and 110(5) of US Copyright Act 1998 to see whether some change has been made.

  现在,我们看一下第106节和110节第5段,找一找110(5)节做了什么修改。

  The relevant parts of the current text of Section 106 read as follows:

  "§ 106. Exclusive rights in copyrighted works

  Subject to sections 107 through 120, the owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize26 any of the following:

  …

  (4) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, to perform the copyrighted work publicly;

  (5) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial27, graphic6, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted work publicly; and…"

  根据107至120节,版权持有人有从事以及授权以下行为的专有权:

  …

  (4)对于文学、音乐、戏剧和舞蹈作品,哑剧和电影以及其它视听作品,公开表现这些版权所有的作品;

  (5)对于文学、音乐、戏剧和舞蹈作品,哑剧和绘画、书写或雕刻作品,包括电影和其它视听作品中的单独影像,公开展现版权所有的作品;以及…"

  The relevant parts of the current text of Section 110(5) read as follows:

  "§ 110. Limitations on exclusive rights: Exemption21 of certain performances and displays

  Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, the following are not infringements28 of copyright:

  …

  (5)(A) except as provided in subparagraph (B), communication of a transmission embodying29 a performance or display of a work by the public reception of the transmission on a single receiving apparatus30 of a kind commonly used in private homes, unless -

  (A) a direct charge is made to see or hear the transmission; or

  (B) the transmission thus received is further transmitted to the public;

  (B) communication by an establishment of a transmission or retransmission embodying a performance or display of a nondramatic musical work intended to be received by the general public, originated by a radio or television broadcast station licensed31 as such by the Federal Communications Commission, or, if an audiovisual transmission, by a cable system or satellite carrier, if-

  (i) in the case of an establishment other than a food service or drinking establishment, either the establishment in which the communication occurs has less than 2,000 gross square feet of space (excluding space used for customer parking and for no other purpose), or the establishment in which the communication occurs has 2,000 or more gross square feet of space (excluding space used for customer parking and for no other purpose) and-

  (I) if the performance is by audio means only, the performance is communicated by means of a total of not more than 6 loudspeakers, of which not more than 4 loudspeakers are located in any 1 room or adjoining outdoor space; or

  (II) if the performance or display is by audiovisual means, any visual portion of the performance or display is communicated by means of a total of not more than 4 audiovisual devices, of which not more than 1 audiovisual device is located in any 1 room, and no such audiovisual device has a diagonal screen size greater than 55 inches, and any audio portion of the performance or display is communicated by means of a total of not more than 6 loudspeakers, of which not more than 4 loudspeakers are located in any 1 room or adjoining outdoor space;

  (ii) in the case of a food service or drinking establishment, either the establishment in which the communication occurs has less than 3,750 gross square feet of space (excluding space used for customer parking and for no other purpose), or the establishment in which the communication occurs has 3,750 gross square feet of space or more (excluding space used for customer parking and for no other purpose) and——

  (I) if the performance is by audio means only, the performance is communicated by means of a total of not more than 6 loudspeakers, of which not more than 4 loudspeakers are located in any 1 room or adjoining outdoor space; or

  (II) if the performance or display is by audiovisual means, any visual portion of the performance or display is communicated by means of a total of not more than 4 audiovisual devices, of which not more than one audiovisual device is located in any 1 room, and no such audiovisual device has a diagonal screen size greater than 55 inches, and any audio portion of the performance or display is communicated by means of a total of not more than 6 loudspeakers, of which not more than 4 loudspeakers are located in any 1 room or adjoining outdoor space;

  (iii) no direct charge is made to see or hear the transmission or retransmission;

  (iv) the transmission or retransmission is not further transmitted beyond the establishment where it is received; and

  (v) the transmission or retransmission is licensed by the copyright owner of the work so publicly performed or displayed; and…"

  110(5)节的相关内容如下:

  § 110 对于专有权的限制:免除某些表演和展示的专有权

  尽管有106节的规定,但如下情况不属于侵犯版权:

  …

  (5)(A) 不在(B)小段规定之列的,由公众在一种通常在私人家中使用的一件接收器上接收含表演或展示的作品的传播行为,除非-

  (A) 对于看或听此传播进行直接收费;或

  (B) 如此收到的传播被进一步传播给公众;

  (B) 一个设施传播或二次传播从一个得到像联邦通讯委员会这样的机构许可的广播或电视站播放的(如果是视听传输,则通过有线系统或卫星电波来播放)、旨在让大众接收到、含非戏剧音乐作品的表演或展示的行为,如果——

  (i)对于不是饮食场所的设施,传播发生在总面积为2000平方英尺以内(不包括顾客停车和没有其它目的空间),或者传播发生在2000平方英尺或以上(不包括顾客停车的面积和没有其它目的空间):

  (I)如果表演只是通过听来接收,传播只能通过最多不超过6个的扩音器,其中,在一个房间或相邻的户外空间最多只能放4个扩音器;或

  (II)如果表演或展示是通过视听来接收,任何表演或展示的视觉接收部分的传播只能通过最多不超过4件的视听设备,其中,在任何一个房间最多只能放1件视听设备,并且这样的视听设备的屏幕对角线尺寸不得超过55英寸,任何表演或展示的听觉接收部分的传播只能通过最多不超过6个的扩音器,其中,在一个房间或相邻的户外空间最多只能放4个扩音器;

  (ii)对于饮食场所,传播发生在总面积为3750平方英尺以内(不包括顾客停车和没有其它目的空间),或者传播发生在3750平方英尺或以上(不包括顾客停车的面积和没有其它目的空间):

  (I)如果表演只是通过听来接收,传播只能通过最多不超过6个的扩音器,其中,在一个房间或相邻的户外空间最多只能放4个扩音器;或

  (II)如果表演或展示是通过视听来接收,任何表演或展示的视觉接收部分的传播只能通过最多不超过4件的视听设备,其中,在任何一个房间最多只能放1件视听设备,并且这样的视听设备的屏幕对角线尺寸不得超过55英寸,任何表演或展示的听觉接收部分的传播只能通过最多不超过6个的扩音器,其中,在一个房间或相邻的户外空间最多只能放4个扩音器;

  (iii)对于看或听传播或二次传播没有直接收费;

  (iv)传播或二次传播没有进一步传送到接收所在设施以外的场所;

  (v)传播或二次传播得到作品版权所有人的许可,可以这样公开表演或展示;

  Compared with the previous Section 110(5) of US Copyright Act 1976, the subparagraph (B) was inserted, which has made a big difference and brought about a trade dispute between the EU and US.

  将98版美国版权法案第110节第5段与76版一比较,我们发现新插入了(B)小段,这就产生了很大的不同,并导致了欧盟与美国之间的贸易争端。

  欧盟的论点

  Arguments from the European Commission

  Section 110(5) of the United States Copyright Act, as amended32 by the "Fairness in Music Licensing33 Act" enacted34 on 27 October 1998, exempts35, under certain conditions, the communication or transmission embodying a performance or display of a work by the public reception of the transmission on a single receiving apparatus of a kind commonly used in private homes (sub-paragraph A, referred to as "homestyle exemption") and, also under certain conditions, communication by an establishment of a transmission or retransmission embodying a performance or display of a non-dramatic musical work intended to be received by the general public (subparagraph B, often referred to as "business exemption") from obtaining an authorization36 to do so by the respective right holder24. In practice this means that Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act permits under certain circumstances, the playing of radio and television music in public places (such as bars, shops, restaurants etc.) without the payment of a royalty37 fee.

  美国版权法110节第5段经1998年10月27日颁布的《音乐许可公平法案》修正,规定了,在一定条件下,传播或传送含有公众可以在一种在私人家庭中经常使用的单一接收装置上接收到的一件作品的表演或展示(A小段称为"家庭免除);以及在一定条件下,一个设施传送或二次传送旨在让公众接收的含有非戏剧音乐作品的表演或展示,可以不必获得分别的版权持有人的授权。在实践中,这意味着美国版权法110节第5段允许在一定情况下,在公众场所(例如酒吧、商店、饭店等)播放广播及电视中的音乐,不必交版权费。

  However, Article (9)1 of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights contained in Annex38 1C to the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (hereafter the "TRIPS Agreement") obliges WTO Members to comply with Articles 1 to 21 of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (hereafter the "Berne Convention").

  但是《WTO与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(以下简称《TRIPS协定》)第9.1条责成WTO成员遵守《保护文学和艺术作品的伯尔尼公约》(以下简称《伯尔尼公约》)的第1至21条。

  Article 11bis(1) of the Berne Convention grants the authors of literary and artistic works, including musical works, the exclusive right of authorizing39 not only the broadcasting and other wireless40 communication of their works, but also the public communication of a broadcast of their works by loudspeaker or any other analogous41 instrument. Article 11(1) of the same Convention grants the authors of musical works the exclusive right of authorizing the public performance of their works, including such public performance by any means or process, and any communication to the public of the performance of their works.

  《伯尔尼公约》第11条之二的第一点给予文学和艺术作品(包括音乐作品)的作者在以下方面有专有权:授权广播或其它类无线播放他们的作品,以及通过扩音器或其它模拟设备公开播放他们的作品。该公约第11.1条给予音乐作品的作者对于公开表演他们作品(包括通过任何方式或途径,以及对他们作品的任何组合向公众播放)进行授权的专有权。

  As a consequence of the above, Section 110(5) of the United States Copyright Act appears to be inconsistent with the United States' obligations under the TRIPS Agreement, including, but not limited to, Article 9(1) of the TRIPS Agreement.

  综上,美国版权法110节第5段与美国在包括《TRIPS协定》第9.1条但不限于9.1条下所承诺的义务不符。

  美国观点

  Argument from the US side

  The United States contends that Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act is fully42 consistent with its obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. The Agreement, incorporating the substantive43 provisions of the Berne Convention (1971), allows Members to place minor44 limitations on the exclusive rights of copyright owners. Article 13 of the TRIPS Agreement (Article 13: Members shall confine limitations or exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably45 prejudice the legitimate46 interests of the right holder) provides the standard by which to judge the appropriateness of such limitations or exceptions. The exemptions embodied47 in Section 110(5) fall within the Article 13 standard.

  美国主张,其版权法110节第5段完全与其在《TRIPS协定》下所承诺的义务相符。该协定融合了《伯尔尼公约》中的实体条款,允许成员对版权持有人的权利进行稍微的(minor)的限制。《TRIPS协定》第13条提供了判断限制或例外适用性的标准(第13条:各成员对专有做出的任何限制或例外规定仅限于某些特殊情况,且与作品的正常利用不相冲突,也不得无理损害权利持有人的合法权益)。在美国版权法110节第5段中含有的例外符合《TRIPS协定》第13条的标准。

  判决Ruling

  Since both sides believed that they were on the right side and made no compromise, they finally resorted to the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO (DSB). In this connection, the WTO established a panel, which took a long time to judge this case and made a provisional ruling. Next is the provisional ruling.

  由于两方都认为自己是对的,不愿意妥协,他们最终求助于WTO的争端解决机构。对此,WTO成立了一个委员会,历时很久,做出了临时判定。下面是结果:

  The WTO disputes procedure found in favor of the EU. The US decided to accept the ruling.

  WTO争端程序站在欧盟一边。美国决定接受判定。

  Let's conclude the briefing of this copyright dispute case by quoting the remark made by the EC Trade Commissioner48 Pascal Lamy as saying, "(the case and its result) this is a good example of how we can manage our problems in a co-operative manner, while keeping in mind our international obligations and commitments. It will bring a smile to Irish eyes in particular".

  最后引用一下欧盟委员会贸易委员帕斯卡尔?拉米在欧盟方得胜后的一番话:(本案极其结果)是一个很好的榜样,展示了我们如何在牢记我们的国际义务和承诺的同时,以一种合作的方式处理我们的问题。该裁定将特别令爱尔兰人喜上眉梢。

  IV. TRIPS issues to be discussed in the new round of WTO negotiations

  新一轮WTO谈判所涉及的知识产权议题

  According to the Ministerial Declaration of the 4th WTO Ministerial Meeting held in Doha, the new multilateral talks on intellectual property rights will mainly focus on public health and the establishment of a multilateral system of notification and registration49 of geographical indications for wines and spirits, among which, the issue of public health has been given great attention by many developing countries and least-developed countries heavily afflicted50 with HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis51, malaria52 and other epidemics53, and the developed countries in possession of the patents directly related to the treatment of the above-mentioned epidemics. In this connection, this Ministerial Meeting issued a separate Declaration.

  根据在多哈举行的WTO第四届部长会议发表的《部长宣言》,新多边知识产权谈判将主要集中于公众健康议题和建立一个葡萄酒和烈性酒地理标识的多边通报和登记体系。其中,倍受艾滋病、肺结核、疟疾和其它流行病折磨的发展中国家和最不发达国家以及拥有治疗上述流行病方法专利权的发达国家对公众健康议题非常重视。因此,此次部长会议出台了一个有关于此的单独宣言:

  DECLARATION ON THE TRIPS AGREEMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH

  Adopted on 14 November 2001

  与贸易有关的知识产权协定和公众健康宣言

  2001年11月14日通过

  1. We recognize the gravity of the public health problems afflicting54 many developing and least-developed countries, especially those resulting from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other epidemics.

  我们认识到影响许多发展中国家和最不发达国家的,特别是那些缘于艾滋病、肺结核、疟疾和其它流行病的公众健康问题的严重性。

  2. We stress the need for the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) to be part of the wider national and international action to address these problems.

  我们强调,需要将《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》作为更广泛的旨在解决这些问题的国内和国际行动的组成部分。

  3. We recognize that intellectual property protection is important for the development of new medicines. We also recognize the concerns about its effects on prices.

  我们认识到知识产权保护对于发展新药的重要性。我们也认识到对于药价所产生效果的关注。

  4. We agree that the TRIPS Agreement does not and should not prevent Members from taking measures to protect public health. Accordingly, while reiterating55 our commitment to the TRIPS Agreement, we affirm that the Agreement can and should be interpreted and implemented57 in a manner supportive of WTO Members' right to protect public health and, in particular, to promote access to medicines for all.

  In this connection, we reaffirm the right of WTO Members to use, to the full, the provisions in the TRIPS Agreement, which provide flexibility58 for this purpose.

  我们同意《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》不会也不应当阻止成员采取措施保护公众健康。据此,在重申我们对《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》承诺的同时,我们确认,对于本协定的解释和执行能够也应当支持成员保护公众健康,特别是促进所有成员获得药品准入的权利。

  有鉴于此,我们重申WTO成员有百分之一百使用《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》中为实现此目的而提供灵活性的条款。

  5. Accordingly and in the light of paragraph 4 above, while maintaining our commitments in the TRIPS Agreement, we recognize that these flexibilities include:

  据此并考虑到上述第4段,在保持我们在《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》中所做承诺的同时,我们认识到这些灵活性包括:

  (a) In applying the customary rules of interpretation59 of public international law, each provision of the TRIPS Agreement shall be read in the light of the object and purpose of the Agreement as expressed, in particular, in its objectives and principles.

  在应用解释国际公法的惯例时,《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》中的每一条款的解读都应当考虑到协定所表述的对象和目的,特别是其目标和原则。

  (b) Each Member has the right to grant compulsory60 licences and the freedom to determine the grounds upon which such licences are granted.

  每一成员都有权准予强制许可并可自由决定准予该强制许可的理由。

  (c) Each Member has the right to determine what constitutes a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency, it being understood that public health crises, including those relating to HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other epidemics, can represent a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency.

  每一成员都有权决定什么是全国性的紧急状态或其它极端紧急的情况,成员都知道公众健康危机,包括与艾滋病、肺结核和其它流行病有关的公众健康危机能被视为全国性的紧急状态或其它极端紧急的情况。

  (d) The effect of the provisions in the TRIPS Agreement that are relevant to the exhaustion61 of intellectual property rights is to leave each Member free to establish its own regime for such exhaustion without challenge, subject to the MFN and national treatment provisions of Articles 3 and 4.

  《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》中与知识产权用尽有关的条款的效果就是让每个成员根据本协定第3条国民待遇和第4条最惠国待遇条款,不受挑战的自由建立关于知识产权用尽的体制。

  6. We recognize that WTO Members with insufficient62 or no manufacturing capacities in the pharmaceutical63 sector could face difficulties in making effective use of compulsory licensing under the TRIPS Agreement. We instruct the Council for TRIPS to find an expeditious64 solution to this problem and to report to the General Council before the end of 2002.

  我们认识到那些在医药领域没有或没有足够生产能力的WTO成员在有效使用《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》中规定的强制许可时,可能遇到困难。我们指示与贸易有关的知识产权理事会迅速找到解决办法,并在2002年底报告总理事会。

  7. We reaffirm the commitment of developed-country Members to provide incentives65 to their enterprises and institutions to promote and encourage technology transfer to least-developed country Members pursuant to Article 66.2. We also agree that the least-developed country Members will not be obliged, with respect to pharmaceutical products, to implement56 or apply Sections 5 and 7 of Part II of the TRIPS Agreement or to enforce rights provided for under these Sections until 1 January 2016, without prejudice to the right of least-developed country Members to seek other extensions of the transition periods as provided for in Article 66.1 of the TRIPS Agreement. We instruct the Council for TRIPS to take the necessary action to give effect to this pursuant to Article 66.1 of the TRIPS Agreement.

  根据第66.2条,我们重申发达国家成员向其本国企业和机构提供优惠措施来促进和鼓励向最不发达国家成员进行技术转让的承诺。我们也同意在医药产品方面,在2016年1月1日前,最不发达国家成员没有义务执行或适用《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》第二部分第5、7节或执行这些节规定的权利,并且不侵害最不发达国家成员根据此协定第66.2条寻求延长过渡期的权利。我们指示知识产权总理事会根据此协定第66.2条采取必要行动落实上述内容



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 negotiations af4b5f3e98e178dd3c4bac64b625ecd0     
协商( negotiation的名词复数 ); 谈判; 完成(难事); 通过
参考例句:
  • negotiations for a durable peace 为持久和平而进行的谈判
  • Negotiations have failed to establish any middle ground. 谈判未能达成任何妥协。
2 artistic IeWyG     
adj.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的
参考例句:
  • The picture on this screen is a good artistic work.这屏风上的画是件很好的艺术品。
  • These artistic handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends.外国朋友很喜欢这些美术工艺品。
3 trademark Xndw8     
n.商标;特征;vt.注册的…商标
参考例句:
  • The trademark is registered on the book of the Patent Office.该商标已在专利局登记注册。
  • The trademark of the pen was changed.这钢笔的商标改了。
4 trademarks 3d5cfd3d5e627e33b27fadb6b405a1dd     
n.(注册)商标( trademark的名词复数 );(人的行为或衣着的)特征,标记
参考例句:
  • Motrin and Nuprin are trademarks of brands of ibuprofen tablets. Nuprin和Motrin均是布洛芬的商标。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Many goods in China have the trademarks of a panda. 中国的许多商品都带有熊猫的商标。 来自《简明英汉词典》
5 geographical Cgjxb     
adj.地理的;地区(性)的
参考例句:
  • The current survey will have a wider geographical spread.当前的调查将在更广泛的地域范围內进行。
  • These birds have a wide geographical distribution.这些鸟的地理分布很广。
6 graphic Aedz7     
adj.生动的,形象的,绘画的,文字的,图表的
参考例句:
  • The book gave a graphic description of the war.这本书生动地描述了战争的情况。
  • Distinguish important text items in lists with graphic icons.用图标来区分重要的文本项。
7 undertaking Mfkz7S     
n.保证,许诺,事业
参考例句:
  • He gave her an undertaking that he would pay the money back with in a year.他向她做了一年内还钱的保证。
  • He is too timid to venture upon an undertaking.他太胆小,不敢从事任何事业。
8 undertakings e635513464ec002d92571ebd6bc9f67e     
企业( undertaking的名词复数 ); 保证; 殡仪业; 任务
参考例句:
  • The principle of diligence and frugality applies to all undertakings. 勤俭节约的原则适用于一切事业。
  • Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations. 此举要求军事上战役中所需要的准确布置和预见。
9 recordings 22f9946cd05973582e73e4e3c0239bb7     
n.记录( recording的名词复数 );录音;录像;唱片
参考例句:
  • a boxed set of original recordings 一套盒装原声录音带
  • old jazz recordings reissued on CD 以激光唱片重新发行的老爵士乐
10 sector yjczYn     
n.部门,部分;防御地段,防区;扇形
参考例句:
  • The export sector will aid the economic recovery. 出口产业将促进经济复苏。
  • The enemy have attacked the British sector.敌人已进攻英国防区。
11 promotion eRLxn     
n.提升,晋级;促销,宣传
参考例句:
  • The teacher conferred with the principal about Dick's promotion.教师与校长商谈了迪克的升级问题。
  • The clerk was given a promotion and an increase in salary.那个职员升了级,加了薪。
12 ornamental B43zn     
adj.装饰的;作装饰用的;n.装饰品;观赏植物
参考例句:
  • The stream was dammed up to form ornamental lakes.溪流用水坝拦挡起来,形成了装饰性的湖泊。
  • The ornamental ironwork lends a touch of elegance to the house.铁艺饰件为房子略添雅致。
13 aesthetic px8zm     
adj.美学的,审美的,有美感
参考例句:
  • My aesthetic standards are quite different from his.我的审美标准与他的大不相同。
  • The professor advanced a new aesthetic theory.那位教授提出了新的美学理论。
14 applied Tz2zXA     
adj.应用的;v.应用,适用
参考例句:
  • She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
  • This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。
15 jewelry 0auz1     
n.(jewllery)(总称)珠宝
参考例句:
  • The burglars walked off with all my jewelry.夜盗偷走了我的全部珠宝。
  • Jewelry and lace are mostly feminine belongings.珠宝和花边多数是女性用品。
16 essentially nntxw     
adv.本质上,实质上,基本上
参考例句:
  • Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
  • She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。
17 legislative K9hzG     
n.立法机构,立法权;adj.立法的,有立法权的
参考例句:
  • Congress is the legislative branch of the U.S. government.国会是美国政府的立法部门。
  • Today's hearing was just the first step in the legislative process.今天的听证会只是展开立法程序的第一步。
18 ministry kD5x2     
n.(政府的)部;牧师
参考例句:
  • They sent a deputation to the ministry to complain.他们派了一个代表团到部里投诉。
  • We probed the Air Ministry statements.我们调查了空军部的记录。
19 investigation MRKzq     
n.调查,调查研究
参考例句:
  • In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
  • He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。
20 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
21 exemption 3muxo     
n.豁免,免税额,免除
参考例句:
  • You may be able to apply for exemption from local taxes.你可能符合资格申请免除地方税。
  • These goods are subject to exemption from tax.这些货物可以免税。
22 exemptions 98510082c83cd5526d8e262de8a35d2d     
n.(义务等的)免除( exemption的名词复数 );免(税);(收入中的)免税额
参考例句:
  • The exemptions for interpretive rules, policy statements, and procedural rules have just been discussed. 有关解释性规则、政策说明和程序规则的免责我们刚刚讨论过。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法
  • A: The regulation outlines specific exemptions for some WPM. 答:该规定概述了某些木质包装材料的特定的例外情形。 来自互联网
23 unreasonable tjLwm     
adj.不讲道理的,不合情理的,过度的
参考例句:
  • I know that they made the most unreasonable demands on you.我知道他们对你提出了最不合理的要求。
  • They spend an unreasonable amount of money on clothes.他们花在衣服上的钱太多了。
24 holder wc4xq     
n.持有者,占有者;(台,架等)支持物
参考例句:
  • The holder of the office of chairman is reponsible for arranging meetings.担任主席职位的人负责安排会议。
  • That runner is the holder of the world record for the hundred-yard dash.那位运动员是一百码赛跑世界纪录的保持者。
25 holders 79c0e3bbb1170e3018817c5f45ebf33f     
支持物( holder的名词复数 ); 持有者; (支票等)持有人; 支托(或握持)…之物
参考例句:
  • Slaves were mercilessly ground down by slave holders. 奴隶受奴隶主的残酷压迫。
  • It is recognition of compassion's part that leads the up-holders of capital punishment to accuse the abolitionists of sentimentality in being more sorry for the murderer than for his victim. 正是对怜悯的作用有了认识,才使得死刑的提倡者指控主张废除死刑的人感情用事,同情谋杀犯胜过同情受害者。
26 authorize CO1yV     
v.授权,委任;批准,认可
参考例句:
  • He said that he needed to get his supervisor to authorize my refund.他说必须让主管人员批准我的退款。
  • Only the President could authorize the use of the atomic bomb.只有总统才能授权使用原子弹。
27 pictorial PuWy6     
adj.绘画的;图片的;n.画报
参考例句:
  • The had insisted on a full pictorial coverage of the event.他们坚持要对那一事件做详尽的图片报道。
  • China Pictorial usually sells out soon after it hits the stands.《人民画报》往往一到报摊就销售一空。
28 infringements c954281a444bb04eab98d2db6b427383     
n.违反( infringement的名词复数 );侵犯,伤害
参考例句:
  • It'seems to me we've got to decide on wider issues than possible patent infringements. 我认为我们不能只考虑侵犯专利可能性这一问题,要对更大的一些问题做出决策。 来自企业管理英语口语(第二版)(2)
  • Wikipedia relies on its users to correct errors and spot copyright infringements. 维基百科主要依靠用户来纠正错误,并发现版权侵权行为。 来自互联网
29 embodying 6e759eac57252cfdb6d5d502ccc75f4b     
v.表现( embody的现在分词 );象征;包括;包含
参考例句:
  • Every instrument constitutes an independent contract embodying a payment obligation. 每张票据都构成一份独立的体现支付义务的合同。 来自口语例句
  • Fowth, The aesthetical transcendency and the beauty embodying the man's liberty. \" 第四部分:审美的超越和作为人类自由最终体现的“美”。 来自互联网
30 apparatus ivTzx     
n.装置,器械;器具,设备
参考例句:
  • The school's audio apparatus includes films and records.学校的视听设备包括放映机和录音机。
  • They had a very refined apparatus.他们有一套非常精良的设备。
31 licensed ipMzNI     
adj.得到许可的v.许可,颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词)
参考例句:
  • The new drug has not yet been licensed in the US. 这种新药尚未在美国获得许可。
  • Is that gun licensed? 那支枪有持枪执照吗?
32 Amended b2abcd9d0c12afefe22fd275996593e0     
adj. 修正的 动词amend的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • He asked to see the amended version. 他要求看修订本。
  • He amended his speech by making some additions and deletions. 他对讲稿作了些增删修改。
33 licensing 7352ce0b4e0665659ae6466c18decb2a     
v.批准,许可,颁发执照( license的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • A large part of state regulation consists of occupational licensing. 大部分州的管理涉及行业的特许批准。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法
  • That licensing procedures for projects would move faster. 这样的工程批准程序一定会加快。 来自辞典例句
34 enacted b0a10ad8fca50ba4217bccb35bc0f2a1     
制定(法律),通过(法案)( enact的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • legislation enacted by parliament 由议会通过的法律
  • Outside in the little lobby another scene was begin enacted. 外面的小休息室里又是另一番景象。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹
35 exempts 558d70c2135e2439f70c5fb7a49cf9ef     
使免除[豁免]( exempt的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • This privilege, however, exempts only predecisional documents. 然而,此特权只免除那些文件在作出决定之前的披露责任。
  • Function effectiveness: After then special-purpose, exempts the flushing formula. 功能效用:便后专用,免冲洗配方。
36 authorization wOxyV     
n.授权,委任状
参考例句:
  • Anglers are required to obtain prior authorization from the park keeper.垂钓者必须事先得到公园管理者的许可。
  • You cannot take a day off without authorization.未经批准你不得休假。
37 royalty iX6xN     
n.皇家,皇族
参考例句:
  • She claims to be descended from royalty.她声称她是皇室后裔。
  • I waited on tables,and even catered to royalty at the Royal Albert Hall.我做过服务生, 甚至在皇家阿伯特大厅侍奉过皇室的人。
38 annex HwzzC     
vt.兼并,吞并;n.附属建筑物
参考例句:
  • It plans to annex an England company in order to enlarge the market.它计划兼并一家英国公司以扩大市场。
  • The annex has been built on to the main building.主楼配建有附属的建筑物。
39 authorizing d3373e44345179a7862c7a797d2bc127     
授权,批准,委托( authorize的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • Letters of Marque: Take letters from a warning friendly power authorizing privateering. 私掠许可证:从某一个国家获得合法抢劫的证书。
  • Formal phavee completion does not include authorizing the subsequent phavee. 阶段的正式完成不包括核准随后的阶段。
40 wireless Rfwww     
adj.无线的;n.无线电
参考例句:
  • There are a lot of wireless links in a radio.收音机里有许多无线电线路。
  • Wireless messages tell us that the ship was sinking.无线电报告知我们那艘船正在下沉。
41 analogous aLdyQ     
adj.相似的;类似的
参考例句:
  • The two situations are roughly analogous.两种情況大致相似。
  • The company is in a position closely analogous to that of its main rival.该公司与主要竞争对手的处境极为相似。
42 fully Gfuzd     
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地
参考例句:
  • The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气,然后全部呼出。
  • They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。
43 substantive qszws     
adj.表示实在的;本质的、实质性的;独立的;n.实词,实名词;独立存在的实体
参考例句:
  • They plan to meet again in Rome very soon to begin substantive negotiations.他们计划不久在罗马再次会晤以开始实质性的谈判。
  • A president needs substantive advice,but he also requires emotional succor. 一个总统需要实质性的建议,但也需要感情上的支持。
44 minor e7fzR     
adj.较小(少)的,较次要的;n.辅修学科;vi.辅修
参考例句:
  • The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
  • I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。
45 unreasonably 7b139a7b80379aa34c95638d4a789e5f     
adv. 不合理地
参考例句:
  • He was also petty, unreasonably querulous, and mean. 他还是个气量狭窄,无事生非,平庸刻薄的人。
  • Food in that restaurant is unreasonably priced. 那家饭店价格不公道。
46 legitimate L9ZzJ     
adj.合法的,合理的,合乎逻辑的;v.使合法
参考例句:
  • Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave.生病是请假的一个正当的理由。
  • That's a perfectly legitimate fear.怀有这种恐惧完全在情理之中。
47 embodied 12aaccf12ed540b26a8c02d23d463865     
v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 );象征;包括;包含
参考例句:
  • a politician who embodied the hopes of black youth 代表黑人青年希望的政治家
  • The heroic deeds of him embodied the glorious tradition of the troops. 他的英雄事迹体现了军队的光荣传统。 来自《简明英汉词典》
48 commissioner gq3zX     
n.(政府厅、局、处等部门)专员,长官,委员
参考例句:
  • The commissioner has issued a warrant for her arrest.专员发出了对她的逮捕令。
  • He was tapped for police commissioner.他被任命为警务处长。
49 registration ASKzO     
n.登记,注册,挂号
参考例句:
  • Marriage without registration is not recognized by law.法律不承认未登记的婚姻。
  • What's your registration number?你挂的是几号?
50 afflicted aaf4adfe86f9ab55b4275dae2a2e305a     
使受痛苦,折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • About 40% of the country's population is afflicted with the disease. 全国40%左右的人口患有这种疾病。
  • A terrible restlessness that was like to hunger afflicted Martin Eden. 一阵可怕的、跟饥饿差不多的不安情绪折磨着马丁·伊登。
51 tuberculosis bprym     
n.结核病,肺结核
参考例句:
  • People used to go to special health spring to recover from tuberculosis.人们常去温泉疗养胜地治疗肺结核。
  • Tuberculosis is a curable disease.肺结核是一种可治愈的病。
52 malaria B2xyb     
n.疟疾
参考例句:
  • He had frequent attacks of malaria.他常患疟疾。
  • Malaria is a kind of serious malady.疟疾是一种严重的疾病。
53 epidemics 4taziV     
n.流行病
参考例句:
  • Reliance upon natural epidemics may be both time-consuming and misleading. 依靠天然的流行既浪费时间,又会引入歧途。
  • The antibiotic epidemics usually start stop when the summer rainy season begins. 传染病通常会在夏天的雨季停止传播。
54 afflicting ozfzfp     
痛苦的
参考例句:
  • Violent crime is only one of the maladies afflicting modern society. 暴力犯罪仅仅是困扰现代社会的严重问题之一。
  • Violent crime is only one of the maladies afflicting modern society. 暴力犯罪仅仅是危害社会的弊病之一。
55 reiterating d2c3dca8267f52f2f1d18c6bc45ddc7b     
反复地说,重申( reiterate的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • He keeps reiterating his innocence. 他一再申明他无罪。
  • The Chinese government also sent a note to the British government, reiterating its position. 中国政府同时将此立场照会英国政府。
56 implement WcdzG     
n.(pl.)工具,器具;vt.实行,实施,执行
参考例句:
  • Don't undertake a project unless you can implement it.不要承担一项计划,除非你能完成这项计划。
  • The best implement for digging a garden is a spade.在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。
57 implemented a0211e5272f6fc75ac06e2d62558aff0     
v.实现( implement的过去式和过去分词 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • This agreement, if not implemented, is a mere scrap of paper. 这个协定如不执行只不过是一纸空文。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 如果不实施影响深远的改革,经济就面临崩溃的危险。 来自辞典例句
58 flexibility vjPxb     
n.柔韧性,弹性,(光的)折射性,灵活性
参考例句:
  • Her great strength lies in her flexibility.她的优势在于她灵活变通。
  • The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old.人老了肌肉的柔韧性将降低。
59 interpretation P5jxQ     
n.解释,说明,描述;艺术处理
参考例句:
  • His statement admits of one interpretation only.他的话只有一种解释。
  • Analysis and interpretation is a very personal thing.分析与说明是个很主观的事情。
60 compulsory 5pVzu     
n.强制的,必修的;规定的,义务的
参考例句:
  • Is English a compulsory subject?英语是必修课吗?
  • Compulsory schooling ends at sixteen.义务教育至16岁为止。
61 exhaustion OPezL     
n.耗尽枯竭,疲惫,筋疲力尽,竭尽,详尽无遗的论述
参考例句:
  • She slept the sleep of exhaustion.她因疲劳而酣睡。
  • His exhaustion was obvious when he fell asleep standing.他站着睡着了,显然是太累了。
62 insufficient L5vxu     
adj.(for,of)不足的,不够的
参考例句:
  • There was insufficient evidence to convict him.没有足够证据给他定罪。
  • In their day scientific knowledge was insufficient to settle the matter.在他们的时代,科学知识还不能足以解决这些问题。
63 pharmaceutical f30zR     
adj.药学的,药物的;药用的,药剂师的
参考例句:
  • She has donated money to establish a pharmaceutical laboratory.她捐款成立了一个药剂实验室。
  • We are engaged in a legal tussle with a large pharmaceutical company.我们正同一家大制药公司闹法律纠纷。
64 expeditious Ehwze     
adj.迅速的,敏捷的
参考例句:
  • They are almost as expeditious and effectual as Aladdin's lamp.他们几乎像如意神灯那么迅速有效。
  • It is more convenien,expeditious and economical than telephone or telegram.它比电话或电报更方便、迅速和经济。
65 incentives 884481806a10ef3017726acf079e8fa7     
激励某人做某事的事物( incentive的名词复数 ); 刺激; 诱因; 动机
参考例句:
  • tax incentives to encourage savings 鼓励储蓄的税收措施
  • Furthermore, subsidies provide incentives only for investments in equipment. 更有甚者,提供津贴仅是为鼓励增添设备的投资。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
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