VIOLATION¹. An act done unlawfully and with force. In the English stat. of 25 E. III., st. 5, c. 2, it is declared to be high treason in any person who shall violate the king's companion; and it is equally high treason in her to suffer willingly such violation. This word has been construed² under this statute³ to mean carnal knowledge. 3 Inst. 9; Bac. Ab, Treason, E.

VIOLENCE. The abuse of force. Theorie des Lois Criminelles, 32. That force which is employed against common right, against the laws, and against public liberty. Merl. h. t, 2. In cases of robbery, in order to convict the accused, it is requisite⁴ to prove that the act was done with violence; but this violence is not confined to an actual assault of the person, by beating, knocking down, or forcibly wresting⁵ from him on the contrary, whatever goes to intimidate⁶ or overawe, by the apprehension⁷ of personal violence, or by fear of life, with a view to compel the delivery of propert equally falls within its limits. Alison, Pr. Cr. Law of Scotl. 228; 4 Binn. R. 379; 2 Russ. on Cr. 61; 1 Hale P. C. 553. When an article is merely snatched, as by a sudden pull, even though a momentary⁸ force be exerted, it is not such violence as to constitute a robbery. 2 East, P. C. 702; 2 Russ. Cr. 68; Dig. 4, 2, 2 and 3.

VIOLENT PROFITS, Scotch⁹ law. The gains made by a tenant¹⁰ holding over, are so called. Ersk. Inst. R. 2, tit. 6, s. 54.

VIOLENTLY, pleading. This word was formerly¹¹ supposed to be necessary in an indictment¹², in order to charge a robbery from the person, but it has been holden unnecessary. 2 East, P. C. 784; 1 Chit. Cr. Law, *244. The words " feloniously and against the will," usually introduced in such indictments¹³, seem to be sufficient. It is usual also to aver¹⁴ a putting in fear, though this does not seem to be requisite. Id.

VIRGA. An obsolete¹⁵ word, which signifies a rod or staff, such as sheriffs, bailiffs, and constables¹⁶ carry, as a badge or ensign of their office.