北极融化将给全球造成60万亿美元的损失

 

Governments and industry have expected the widespread warming of the Arctic region in the past 20 years to be an economic boon³（恩惠，福利）, allowing the exploitation of new gas and oilfields and enabling shipping⁴ to travel faster between Europe and Asia. But the release of a single giant "pulse" of methane⁵ from thawing Arctic permafrost（永久冻土） beneath the East Siberian sea "could come with a $60tn global price tag", according to the researchers who have for the first time quantified the effects on the global economy.

 

Even the slow emission⁶ of a much smaller proportion of the vast quantities of methane（甲烷） locked up in the Arctic permafrost and offshore⁷ waters could trigger catastrophic climate change and "steep" economic losses, they say.

 

The Arctic sea ice, which largely melts and reforms each year, is declining at an unprecedented⁸ rate. In 2012, it collapsed⁹ to under 3.5m sqkm by mid¹¹ September, just 40% of its usual extent in the 1970s. Because the ice is also losing its thickness, some scientists expect the Arctic ocean to be largely free of summer ice by 2020.

 

The growing fear is that as the ice retreats, the warming of the sea water will allow offshore permafrost to release ever greater quantities of methane. A giant reservoir of the greenhouse gas, in the form of gas hydrates on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS), could be emitted, either slowly over 50 years or catastrophically fast over a shorter time frame, say the researchers.

 

The ramifications¹² of vanishing ice will also be felt far from the poles, they say because the region is pivotal to the functioning of Earth systems, such as oceans and climate. "The imminent¹³ disappearance¹⁴ of the summer sea ice in the Arctic will have enormous implications for both the acceleration¹⁵ of climate change, and the release of methane from off-shore waters which are now able to warm up in the summer," said Prof Peter Wadhams, head of the Polar ocean physics group at Cambridge University and one of the authors of the paper published in the journal Nature.

 

"This massive methane boost will have major implications for global economies and societies. Much of those costs would be borne by developing countries in the form of extreme weather, flooding and impacts on health and agricultural production," he said.

 

According to the authors, who using the Stern review, calculated that 80% of the extra impacts by value will occur in the poorer economies of Africa, Asia and South America. "Inundation¹⁶ of low-lying areas, extreme heat stress, droughts and storms are all magnified by the extra methane emissions," they authors write. They argue that global economic bodies have not taken into account the risks of rapid ice melt and that the only economic downside to the warming of the Arctic they have identified so far has been the possible risk of oil spills.

 

But, they say, economists are missing the big picture. "Neither the World Economic Forum¹⁷ nor the International Monetary¹⁸ Fund currently recognise the economic danger of Arctic change. [They must] pay much more attention to this invisible time-bomb. The impacts of just one [giant "pulse" of methane] approaches the $70-tn value of the world economy in 2012", said Prof Gail Whiteman, at the Rotterdam School of Management and another author.

 

The Nature report comes as global shipping companies prepare to send a record number of vessels¹⁹ across the north of Russia later in 2013, slashing²⁰ miles travelled between Asia and Europe by over 35% and cutting costs up to 40%.

 

According to Russian authorities, 218 ships from Korea, China, Japan, Norway, Germany and elsewhere have so far applied²¹ for permission to follow the "Northern sea route" (NSR) this year. This route uses the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska and is only open for a few months each year with an icebreaker.

 

But following 2012's record collapse¹⁰ of the Arctic sea ice, shipping companies are gaining confidence to use the route. In 2012, only 46 ships sailed its entire length from the Atlantic to Pacific oceans and in 2011 only four. The route can save even medium-sized bulk carrier 10-15 days and hundreds of tonnes of bunker fuel on a journey between northern Norway and China.

 

Satellite data collated²² from the US National snow and ice data centre in Boulder²³, Colorado this week showed ice loss now accelerating and, at 8.2m sqkm (3.2m square miles) approaching the same extent as during last year's record melt. Over 130,000 sqkm of sea ice melted between July 1 and 15. "Compared to the 1981 to 2010 average, ice extent on July 15 was 1.06m sqkm (409,000 square miles) below average," said a spokesman.

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