英语口语高级训练(lesson3)b

2. Personal Progress and Job-hopping¹ In many parts of the world, personal influence is almost essential in getting ahead. One needs a “godfather？ a ”sponsor“。 Here that is not true. Naturally all people use influence sometimes, but one rarely advances far on that basis alone in the United States. Here traits which lead to success are generally considered to be the willingness to work hard （at any kind of job）, scholarship or skill, initiative, an agreeable and outgoing personality. In other words even in the realm of personal progress, this is a ”do-it-yourself“ society. By and large, success is neither inherited nor bestowed². This means, therefore, that our employment practices are different from those in many other countries.
　　In some nations it is considered disloyal to quit a job； deep reciprocal loyalties³ exist between employee and employer （recipient⁴ and “patron？in many cases）； lifelong job security and family honor are frequently involved. This is not.true in the United States. ”Job-hopping“ is part of our constant mobility⁵. We consider it a ” right “ to be able to better ourselves, to move upward, to jump from company to company if we can keep qualifying for more responsible （and therefore better） jobs.
　　This interchangeability of personnel seems unreasonable⁶ to some members of foreign nations. Where are our roots？ How can we be so cold and inhuman⁷？ “We act,？some say, as if we were dealing⁸ with machines, not humans. ？They do not understand that a great many Americans like to move about. New jobs present new challenges, new opportunities, new friends, new experiences-often a new part of the country.
　　The employer may be quite content too. Perhaps he has had the best of that man's thinking； a new person may bring in fresh ideas, improved skills, or new abilities. Then, too, a newcomer will probably start at a lower salary for he will have no seniority. Hopping is so readily accepted here, in fact, that a good man may bounce back and forth⁹ among two or three corporations, being welcomed back to his original company more than once through his career, each time at a different level.
　　3. Residents Go Overseas to Seek Their Fortunes Shanghai has become a favourite investment spot with foreigners eager to get a financial foothold in China. And with the development of its export-oriented economy, the city looks set to become an international trade and financial centre on the west bank of the Pacific Ocean.
　　But many Shanghai people are not content simply to sit and wait for the foreigners to come to them-they want to go abroad themselves to try their luck. The Shanghainese have a reputation for being able to find work the world over. Before the founding of New China in 1949, hundreds of thousands of them were trading throughout the world.
　　In the 1950s and 1960s when the country was pursuing its closeddoor policy, hundreds of factories, research institutes and universities——involving more than 1 million people-were moved from Shanghai into the inland areas to support the nation's socialist¹⁰ construction. Now,people with Shanghai accents can be found all over the country. The current policy of developing the export-oriented economy in the coastal¹¹ areas has stimulated¹² the Shanghai people's desire to head off for foreign parts. And, according to the Shanghai-based Jiefang Daily, the best way for them to do this is to engage in business or provide labour and technical services to other countries.
　　Shanghai has too many people chasing too few jobs, so this surplus labour force could solve the labour shortages which exist in some other parts of the world. Workers' monthly wages abroad can be 100 times what they are in China-although the cost of Iiving is likely to be much higher in some countrtes. Furthermore, while working overseas, the Chinese workers would get the chance to learn advanced technology and to become entrepreneurs and specialists, thus promoting trade and economic co-operation between China and other countries. Jiefang Daily suggests locai authorities should take the following measures to promote exports of labour：
　　Set up labour service groups to undertake contractual projects abroad. Shanghai workers have taken part in many overseas projects in the past, such as construction of railways, factories and other buildings. With their high reputation, they would be a force to be reckoned with on the world labour market.
　　Estahlish  employer-employee  introduction  offices.   Drivers,  repairmen, nurses,  housemaids,  hairdressers,  cooks and workers involved in gardening and construction are in great demand in many countries and these offices could provide training and act as a bridge between employers and employees.
　　Encourage peopie to look for jobs themselves. As many Shanghai residents have relatives overseas, they could easily get help in finding work abroad. Promote co-operation between the State and individuals. If local people are encouraged to work abroad, workers with special skills would flow out of the country, thus creating a brain drain. To solve the problem, consideration must be given to both State and private interests. When workers go abroad at their own expense, the enterprises they work for should give them favourable¹³ treatment when they return. While working overseas, the workers should help their enterprises open up to the world market.
　　Shanghai residents have strong aspirations¹⁴ to expand their living space and they are good at trading. But first priority should be given to entrepreneurs who are brave enough to journey out into the world and build success. Before the founding of new China, a number of world-renowned figures such as shipping¹⁵ magnate Pao Yue Kang and the computer king Wang An were raised in Shanghai. It is expected that a group of new magnates will emerge when Shanghai entrepreneurs enter the world economy.
　　Now that Shanghai is capable of building 100, 000-ton-class vessels¹⁶ and manufacturing sophisticated precision building machines, powerful generators¹⁷, colour televisions and bicycles, there is no reason why the city could not create a group of world-class shipping kings, building machine kings and bicycle kings. With a solid industrial foundation and technical force, Shanghai could also set up factories and shops overseas to compete with foreign counterparts. Shanghai-made brands, very popular at home now, will surely capture a slice of the world market if sales promotion¹⁸ is emphasized.
　　Shanghai produces quality cloth shoes of good workmanship. But its exports are $ 1. 1 billion annually¹⁹, only half of Taiwan's total, due to the neglect of sales promotion overseas. Shanghai boasts numerous specialists in the fields of science, technology,culture and education. These experts could earn a good deal of foreign exchange for the State if technical services were offered to countries that badly need skilled workers in high-tech²⁰ industries. The city can also directly export technology and software and contract scientific research projects abroad, as it possesses advantages in the fields of laser, optical fibre, microelectronics and biological engineering technology.