法律英语导读(32)

时间：2007-04-10 01:51:56

（单词翻译:单击）

5. If a Police Officer Finds Contraband1（违禁品） or Evidence of Crime in the Course of a Search, Does That Make the Search Valid2 Even If It Was Initially3 Illegal?

　　No. A well-established rule is that ''a search can't be justified4 by what it turns up." If a search is illegal to begin with, the products of that search, no matter how incriminating, are inadmissible in evidence.

　　6. Can Illegally Seized Evidence Be Used In Court For Any Purpose?

　　Yes. Cases decided5 after Mapp have established that the Fourth Amendment6 is not a complete bar to the use of illegally seized evidence. For example, a judge may consider illegally seized evidence when deciding on an appropriate sentence following conviction, and illegally seized evidence is admissible in civil cases and deportation7（驱逐出境） cases. Also, in some circumstances a prosecutor8 can use improperly10 seized evidence to impeach11 （attack the credibility of） a witness who testifies during a court proceeding12.

　　Case Example: Flo Kane is on trial for possessing illegal drugs. During a pretrial hearing, the trial judge had ruled that the police had illegally seized a gun from Flo's bedroom, and that the prosecutor could not admit the gun in evidence. While testifying, Flo states, "I've never owned a weapon of any kind."

　　Question: Following this testimony13, could the prosecutor show Flo the illegally seized gun and ask her to admit that she owned it?

　　Answer: Yes. Once Flo denies ever owning a weapon, the prosecutor may use the illegally seized gun to attack the credibility of her testimony.

　　7. Do Fourth Amendment Protections Apply in Every State?

　　Basically, yes. The Fourth Amendment provides rights for defendants15 that are binding16 on every state. For example, no state can decide that "we're not going to have the exclusionary17 rule." However, many state constitutions contain language similar to that in the Fourth Amendment, and a state can validly18 interpret its own constitution to provide defendants with greater protections than the Fourth Amendment requires.

　　8. If the Police Illegally Seize Evidence, Can They Use the Illegally Seized Information to Find Other Evidence to Use Against the Defendant14?

　　No, because of a legal rule colorfully known as the "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine19. This doctrine makes inadmissible any evidence that police officers seize or any information that police officers obtain as a direct result of an improper9 search. The "tree" is the evidence that the police illegally seize in the first place; the "fruit" is the second-generation product of the illegally seized evidence. Both tree and fruit are inadmissible at trial.

　　翻译句子：
　　1、a search can't be justified by what it turns up
　　2、请用中文简述毒树之果理论。
　　答案：
　　1、不能根据搜查结果判定非法搜查正当。
　　2、无标准答案


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1 contraband FZxy9     
n.违禁品，走私品
参考例句：
  • Most of the city markets were flooded with contraband goods.大多数的城市市场上都充斥着走私货。
  • The customs officers rummaged the ship suspected to have contraband goods.海关人员仔细搜查了一艘有走私嫌疑的海轮。
2 valid eiCwm     
adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的
参考例句：
  • His claim to own the house is valid.他主张对此屋的所有权有效。
  • Do you have valid reasons for your absence?你的缺席有正当理由吗？
3 initially 273xZ     
adv.最初，开始
参考例句：
  • The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
  • Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。
4 justified 7pSzrk     
a.正当的，有理的
参考例句：
  • She felt fully justified in asking for her money back. 她认为有充分的理由要求退款。
  • The prisoner has certainly justified his claims by his actions. 那个囚犯确实已用自己的行动表明他的要求是正当的。
5 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的
参考例句：
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
6 amendment Mx8zY     
n.改正，修正，改善，修正案
参考例句：
  • The amendment was rejected by 207 voters to 143.这项修正案以207票对143票被否决。
  • The Opposition has tabled an amendment to the bill.反对党已经就该议案提交了一项修正条款。
7 deportation Nwjx6     
n.驱逐，放逐
参考例句：
  • The government issued a deportation order against the four men.政府发出了对那4名男子的驱逐令。
  • Years ago convicted criminals in England could face deportation to Australia.很多年以前，英国已定罪的犯人可能被驱逐到澳大利亚。
8 prosecutor 6RXx1     
n.起诉人；检察官，公诉人
参考例句：
  • The defender argued down the prosecutor at the court.辩护人在法庭上驳倒了起诉人。
  • The prosecutor would tear your testimony to pieces.检查官会把你的证言驳得体无完肤。
9 improper b9txi     
adj.不适当的，不合适的，不正确的，不合礼仪的
参考例句：
  • Short trousers are improper at a dance.舞会上穿短裤不成体统。
  • Laughing and joking are improper at a funeral.葬礼时大笑和开玩笑是不合适的。
10 improperly 1e83f257ea7e5892de2e5f2de8b00e7b     
不正确地，不适当地
参考例句：
  • Of course it was acting improperly. 这样做就是不对嘛！
  • He is trying to improperly influence a witness. 他在试图误导证人。
11 impeach Ua6xD     
v.弹劾；检举
参考例句：
  • We must impeach the judge for taking bribes.我们一定要检举法官收受贿赂。
  • The committee decided to impeach the President.委员会决定弹劾总统。
12 proceeding Vktzvu     
n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报
参考例句：
  • This train is now proceeding from Paris to London.这次列车从巴黎开往伦敦。
  • The work is proceeding briskly.工作很有生气地进展着。
13 testimony zpbwO     
n.证词；见证，证明
参考例句：
  • The testimony given by him is dubious.他所作的证据是可疑的。
  • He was called in to bear testimony to what the police officer said.他被传入为警官所说的话作证。
14 defendant mYdzW     
n.被告；adj.处于被告地位的
参考例句：
  • The judge rejected a bribe from the defendant's family.法官拒收被告家属的贿赂。
  • The defendant was borne down by the weight of evidence.有力的证据使被告认输了。
15 defendants 7d469c27ef878c3ccf7daf5b6ab392dc     
被告( defendant的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • The courts heard that the six defendants had been coerced into making a confession. 法官审判时发现6位被告人曾被迫承认罪行。
  • As in courts, the defendants are represented by legal counsel. 与法院相同，被告有辩护律师作为代表。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
16 binding 2yEzWb     
有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的
参考例句：
  • The contract was not signed and has no binding force. 合同没有签署因而没有约束力。
  • Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding. 双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。
17 exclusionary 7b922c7ff4e4ecd651577aafa4370540     
adj.排斥（性）的，排除在外的
参考例句：
  • Play not finish, uncle fidgeting, cut exclusionary. 戏未演完，叔父坐立不安，仓皇退席。 来自互联网
  • Procecutor: I am asking you to recognize the absurdity of the exclusionary rule. 检察官：我是在请求您认识到这个排除规则的荒谬性。 来自互联网
18 validly 30c460913345d1e942a71678193a7cf7     
正当地，妥当地
参考例句：
  • There are many ways of doing science validly appropriate in different situations. 在不同场合有很多种方式正当地搞科学。
  • This may not validly be done. 这个也许得不到有效的处理。
19 doctrine Pkszt     
n.教义；主义；学说
参考例句：
  • He was impelled to proclaim his doctrine.他不得不宣扬他的教义。
  • The council met to consider changes to doctrine.宗教议会开会考虑更改教义。

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