法律英语导读(2)

时间：2007-04-10 01:23:52

（单词翻译:单击）

Comparison of Federal and State Systems 联邦和州刑事司法系统比较

　　Most criminal prosecutions1 take place in state courts. The chart below highlights some of the key differences between state and federal criminal systems.

　　· Jurisdiction2 （"power" to decide cases，管辖权）. A state has power over defendants3 who violate the laws of that state. The federal government has power over defendants who commit criminal acts on federal property （for example, an assault in a post office） or whose criminal acts cross state lines （for example, a kidnapper5 transports a victim from Iowa to Missouri）. A state and the federal government can have "concurrent6" power over a defendant4 when the same criminal activity violates both state and federal laws. In those situations, state and federal prosecutors7 make case-by-case decisions as to whether a defendant will be prosecuted8 in state or federal court.

　　· Police Officers（警官）. Typical state police officers are county sheriffs and city police officers. Typical federal police officers are agents of the FBI and DEA （Drug Enforcement Administration）.

　　· Prosecutors（检察官）. Federal criminal prosecutions are handled by US Attorneys, who are appointed by and are ultimately responsible to the US Attorney General. State prosecutors, many of whom are elected on a countywide basis, carry a variety of titles; common ones are district attorney, state's attorney and city attorney.

　　· Defense9 Attorneys（辩护律师）. Most criminal defendants qualify for government-paid defense attorneys. Government-paid attorneys are usually employed either by an office of the Federal Public Defender10 or a county's Public Defender office. （For information about the differences between government-paid and privately11 retained defense attorneys, see Chapter 7.）

　　· Trial Courts（审判法院）. Most federal criminal prosecutions occur in United States District Courts. State courts carry such titles as ''superior court（最高法院）," "municipal court（市法院）," "police court（治安法院）" or ''county court（县法院）," depending on the state and the seriousness of criminal charges.

　　· Judges（法官）. Federal trial judges are known as District Court Judges（联邦地区法院法官）; they are appointed for life by the President subject to confirmation12（确认、批准） by the US Senate. State court judges are typically initially13 appointed by governors（州长，现在我们各省的省长也用这个词了） and then are subject to election every few years. State court trial judges carry such titles as Superior Court Judge, Municipal Court Judge and （in New York） Supreme14 Court Judge. In both State and Federal courts, "magistrates15" may preside over pretrial hearings such as bail16 hearings, as well as less serious criminal trials.

　　· All-Purpose vs. Specialized17 Judges（全能法官与专门法官）. Federal courts use the "all-purpose judge" system. This means that the same judge almost always presides over a case from beginning to end—that is, from a defendant's first court appearance to final acquittal or sentencing. Some states also follow the all-purpose judge model. In many states, however, judges are specialized. For example, one judge may determine bail （see Chapter 5）, another judge may hear pretrial motions （see Chapter 19） and a third judge may preside over a trial （see Chapter 21）.

　　本节常用法律术语：

　　1、property [英汉法学大词典] n.财产 ,财产权,物业,无形资产，我们常说的物业管理可是翻译成property management哦。

　　2、kidnapper [英汉法学大词典] n.绑匪 ,绑架者,诱拐者,注意kidnap英文的意思是To seize and detain unlawfully and usually for ransom18，或者这样解释The taking away of an individual against his will. The term is usually applied19 to instances in which ransom is demanded for the return of the kidnapped person.这里并不需要绑匪有要赎金的意思。

　　3、FBI and DEA 美国联邦调查局和麻醉品管制局，关于DEA有各种译法，关键是对其职能的理解出现了偏差，WIKIPEDIA的解释为The Drug Enforcement Administration （DEA） is a United States Department of Justice law enforcement agency tasked with suppressing the sale of recreational drugs by enforcing the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. It shares concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation20 in narcotics21 enforcement matters.

　　4、pretrial hearings [英汉法学大词典] 审前听证会

　　5、US Attorneys可不是翻译成美国律师，而是US Attorney General美国总检察官任免的联邦检察官，同样district attorney, state's attorney and city attorney中的attorney也是检察官的意思


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1 prosecutions 51e124aef1b1fecefcea6048bf8b0d2d     
起诉( prosecution的名词复数 )； 原告； 实施； 从事
参考例句：
  • It is the duty of the Attorney-General to institute prosecutions. 检察总长负责提起公诉。
  • Since World War II, the government has been active in its antitrust prosecutions. 第二次世界大战以来，政府积极地进行着反对托拉斯的检举活动。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
2 jurisdiction La8zP     
n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权
参考例句：
  • It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。
  • Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。
3 defendants 7d469c27ef878c3ccf7daf5b6ab392dc     
被告( defendant的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • The courts heard that the six defendants had been coerced into making a confession. 法官审判时发现6位被告人曾被迫承认罪行。
  • As in courts, the defendants are represented by legal counsel. 与法院相同，被告有辩护律师作为代表。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
4 defendant mYdzW     
n.被告；adj.处于被告地位的
参考例句：
  • The judge rejected a bribe from the defendant's family.法官拒收被告家属的贿赂。
  • The defendant was borne down by the weight of evidence.有力的证据使被告认输了。
5 kidnapper ApAzj1     
n.绑架者，拐骗者
参考例句：
  • The kidnapper was shot dead then and there by the armed policeman.绑架者被武装警察当时当地击毙。
  • The kidnapper strangled the child with a piece of string.绑票的人用一根绳子把这孩子勒死了。
6 concurrent YncyG     
adj.同时发生的，一致的
参考例句：
  • You can't attend two concurrent events!你不能同时参加两项活动！
  • The twins had concurrent birthday. 双胞胎生日在同一天。
7 prosecutors a638e6811c029cb82f180298861e21e9     
检举人( prosecutor的名词复数 )； 告发人； 起诉人； 公诉人
参考例句：
  • In some places,public prosecutors are elected rather than appointed. 在有些地方，检察官是经选举而非任命产生的。 来自口语例句
  • You've been summoned to the Prosecutors' Office, 2 days later. 你在两天以后被宣到了检察官的办公室。
8 prosecuted Wk5zqY     
a.被起诉的
参考例句：
  • The editors are being prosecuted for obscenity. 编辑因刊载污秽文字而被起诉。
  • The company was prosecuted for breaching the Health and Safety Act. 这家公司被控违反《卫生安全条例》。
9 defense AxbxB     
n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩
参考例句：
  • The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
  • The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。
10 defender ju2zxa     
n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人
参考例句：
  • He shouldered off a defender and shot at goal.他用肩膀挡开防守队员，然后射门。
  • The defender argued down the prosecutor at the court.辩护人在法庭上驳倒了起诉人。
11 privately IkpzwT     
adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地
参考例句：
  • Some ministers admit privately that unemployment could continue to rise.一些部长私下承认失业率可能继续升高。
  • The man privately admits that his motive is profits.那人私下承认他的动机是为了牟利。
12 confirmation ZYMya     
n.证实，确认，批准
参考例句：
  • We are waiting for confirmation of the news.我们正在等待证实那个消息。
  • We need confirmation in writing before we can send your order out.给你们发送订购的货物之前，我们需要书面确认。
13 initially 273xZ     
adv.最初，开始
参考例句：
  • The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
  • Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。
14 supreme PHqzc     
adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的
参考例句：
  • It was the supreme moment in his life.那是他一生中最重要的时刻。
  • He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。
15 magistrates bbe4eeb7cda0f8fbf52949bebe84eb3e     
地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • to come up before the magistrates 在地方法院出庭
  • He was summoned to appear before the magistrates. 他被传唤在地方法院出庭。
16 bail Aupz4     
v.舀（水），保释；n.保证金，保释，保释人
参考例句：
  • One of the prisoner's friends offered to bail him out.犯人的一个朋友答应保释他出来。
  • She has been granted conditional bail.她被准予有条件保释。
17 specialized Chuzwe     
adj.专门的，专业化的
参考例句：
  • There are many specialized agencies in the United Nations.联合国有许多专门机构。
  • These tools are very specialized.这些是专用工具。
18 ransom tTYx9     
n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救
参考例句：
  • We'd better arrange the ransom right away.我们最好马上把索取赎金的事安排好。
  • The kidnappers exacted a ransom of 10000 from the family.绑架者向这家人家勒索10000英镑的赎金。
19 applied Tz2zXA     
adj.应用的；v.应用，适用
参考例句：
  • She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
  • This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。
20 investigation MRKzq     
n.调查，调查研究
参考例句：
  • In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
  • He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。
21 narcotics 6c5fe7d3dc96f0626f1c875799f8ddb1     
n.麻醉药( narcotic的名词复数 )；毒品；毒
参考例句：
  • The use of narcotics by teenagers is a problem in many countries. 青少年服用麻醉药在许多国家中都是一个问题。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • Police shook down the club, looking for narcotics. 警方彻底搜查了这个俱乐部，寻找麻醉品。 来自《简明英汉词典》

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