法律词汇表S

时间：2007-04-03 07:00:56

（单词翻译:单击）

术语
定义
sanction Penalty for failure to comply with rule, order or law.
satisfaction See accord and satisfaction.
search warrant Written order issued by a judge that permits a law enforcement officer to search a specific area for specific items.
secondary evidence See best evidence.
secured debt Debt in which debtor2 gives creditor3 a right to repossess property or goods (called collateral) if debtor defaults on the loan.
self-defense Use of force to protect one's self, family or property from harm or threatened harm by another.
self-incrimination, privilege against Right of people to refuse to give testimony4 against themselves. Guaranteed by Fifth Amendment5 to U.S. Constitution. Asserting right is often referred to as "taking the Fifth."
self-proving will Will whose validity does not have to be testified to in court by witnesses to it since the witnesses executed an affidavit6 reflecting proper execution of will prior to maker's death.
sentence Punishment inflicted7 on a person convicted of crime.
sentencing guidelines Set of guidelines introduced to ensure conformity8 in sentencing throughout Pennsylvania. Federal government and several other states also use.
sentencing report See pre-sentencing report.
separation of witnesses See sequestration of witnesses.
sequestration Keeping all jurors together during a trial to prevent them from being influenced by information received outside courtroom.
sequestration of witnesses Keeping all witnesses (except plaintiff and defendant9) out of courtroom except for their time on the stand to prevent them from hearing testimony of other witnesses. Also called separation of witnesses.
service Delivery of legal document, such as complaint, summons or subpoena10.
settlor See grantor.
sidebar Conference between judge and lawyers, usually in courtroom, out of earshot of jury and spectators.
slander11 False and defamatory spoken words tending to harm another's reputation, business or means of livelihood12. Compare libel.
small claims court Court that handles civil claims for small amounts of money. People often represent themselves rather than hire an attorney.
sovereign immunity13 Doctrine14 that a government, either state or federal, is immune to lawsuits16 unless it gives its consent.
specific performance Remedy requiring person who has breached17 a contract to fulfill18 his/her part of the contract, as opposed to simply paying damages. Ordered when paying damages would be inadequate19 or inappropriate.
spendthrift trust Trust set up for benefit of someone whom grantor believes would be incapable20 of managing his/her own financial affairs, and to keep money out of hands of creditors21.
standard of proof See burden of proof.
standing22 Legal right to bring a lawsuit15.
stare decisis (STEHR ee dih SYE sis) Doctrine that courts will follow principles of law laid down in previous cases. Compare precedent23.
state's evidence Testimony given by accomplice24 or participant in a crime, given under promise of immunity or reduced sentence, to convict others.
status offenders25 Youths who habitually27 engage in conduct not considered criminal if committed by an adult, but which cause charges to be brought in juvenile28 court and show minor29 is beyond parental30 control, e.g., being truant31 from school.
status offense32 Act declared to be an offense when committed by a juvenile, e.g., habitual26 truancy33, running away from home, violating curfew.
statute34 Law enacted35 by legislative36 branch of government. Also called statutory law. Compare common law.
statute of limitations Timeframe within which a lawsuit must be brought or an individual charged with a crime. Differs for different types of cases/crimes or in different states.
statutory construction Process by which a court seeks to interpret legislation.
statutory law See statute.
stay Court order halting a judicial37 proceeding38 or the action of halting such proceeding.
stenographer39 See court reporter.
stipulation40 Agreement by attorneys on both sides of a case about some aspect of the lawsuit, e.g., to extend time to answer, to adjourn41 trial date.
sua sponte (SOO eh SPON tee) On one's own behalf. Voluntary, without prompting or suggestion.
sub judice (sub JOO dih SEE) Before a court or judge; under judicial consideration.
sui generis (SOO ee JEN er iss) Of its own kind or class; the only one of its kind.
sui juris (SOO ee JUR iss) Of his own right. Possessing full social and civil rights.
subpoena (suh PEE nuh) Court order compelling a witness to appear and testify.
subpoena duces tecum (suh PEE nuh DOO sess TEE kum) Court order commanding a witness to bring certain documents or records to court.
subrogation Substituting one person in place of another in asserting a lawful42 claim, demand or right.
substantive43 evidence Evidence presented to prove a fact in issue.
substantive law Law which creates, defines and regulates rights. Compare procedural law.
summary Quickly executed.
summary judgment44 Judgment made when there are no disputes of the facts of a case and one party is entitled to prevail as matter of law.
summary offense In Pennsylvania a violation45 of law punishable by imprisonment46 for up to 90 days and/or a fine not exceeding $300.
summons Notice to a defendant that he/she has been sued and is required to appear in court. Also, notice requiring person receiving it to report for jury duty or as witness in a trial. As relates to potential jurors, also called venire.
sunshine laws Laws forbidding or restricting closed meetings of government bodies and providing for public access to records.
supersedeas (SOO per SEE dee uhss) Writ1 issued by appellate court to preserve the status quo pending47 review of a judgment or pending other exercise of its jurisdiction48.
support trust Trust that instructs trustee to spend only as much as needed for beneficiary's support.
suppress To forbid use of evidence at trial because it is improper49 or was improperly50 obtained. See exclusionary51 rule.
survivorship Another name for joint52 tenancy.
sustain Court order allowing an objection or motion to prevail.
suspended sentence Sentence postponed54 by order of the court. Also, decision of court to postpone53 pronouncement of sentence.
swindling Obtaining money or property by fraud or deceit

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1 writ iojyr     
n.命令状，书面命令
参考例句：
  • This is a copy of a writ I received this morning.这是今早我收到的书面命令副本。
  • You shouldn't treat the newspapers as if they were Holy Writ. 你不应该把报上说的话奉若神明。
2 debtor bxfxy     
n.借方，债务人
参考例句：
  • He crowded the debtor for payment.他催逼负债人还债。
  • The court granted me a lien on my debtor's property.法庭授予我对我债务人财产的留置权。
3 creditor tOkzI     
n.债仅人，债主，贷方
参考例句：
  • The boss assigned his car to his creditor.那工头把自己的小汽车让与了债权人。
  • I had to run away from my creditor whom I made a usurious loan.我借了高利贷不得不四处躲债。
4 testimony zpbwO     
n.证词；见证，证明
参考例句：
  • The testimony given by him is dubious.他所作的证据是可疑的。
  • He was called in to bear testimony to what the police officer said.他被传入为警官所说的话作证。
5 amendment Mx8zY     
n.改正，修正，改善，修正案
参考例句：
  • The amendment was rejected by 207 voters to 143.这项修正案以207票对143票被否决。
  • The Opposition has tabled an amendment to the bill.反对党已经就该议案提交了一项修正条款。
6 affidavit 4xWzh     
n.宣誓书
参考例句：
  • I gave an affidavit to the judge about the accident I witnessed.我向法官提交了一份关于我目击的事故的证词。
  • The affidavit was formally read to the court.书面证词正式向出席法庭的人宣读了。
7 inflicted cd6137b3bb7ad543500a72a112c6680f     
把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
  • They inflicted a humiliating defeat on the home team. 他们使主队吃了一场很没面子的败仗。
  • Zoya heroically bore the torture that the Fascists inflicted upon her. 卓娅英勇地承受法西斯匪徒加在她身上的酷刑。
8 conformity Hpuz9     
n.一致，遵从，顺从
参考例句：
  • Was his action in conformity with the law?他的行动是否合法？
  • The plan was made in conformity with his views.计划仍按他的意见制定。
9 defendant mYdzW     
n.被告；adj.处于被告地位的
参考例句：
  • The judge rejected a bribe from the defendant's family.法官拒收被告家属的贿赂。
  • The defendant was borne down by the weight of evidence.有力的证据使被告认输了。
10 subpoena St1wV     
n.（法律）传票；v.传讯
参考例句：
  • He was brought up to court with a subpoena.他接到传讯，来到法庭上。
  • Select committees have the power to subpoena witnesses.特别委员会有权传唤证人。
11 slander 7ESzF     
n./v.诽谤，污蔑
参考例句：
  • The article is a slander on ordinary working people.那篇文章是对普通劳动大众的诋毁。
  • He threatened to go public with the slander.他威胁要把丑闻宣扬出去。
12 livelihood sppzWF     
n.生计，谋生之道
参考例句：
  • Appropriate arrangements will be made for their work and livelihood.他们的工作和生活会得到妥善安排。
  • My father gained a bare livelihood of family by his own hands.父亲靠自己的双手勉强维持家计。
13 immunity dygyQ     
n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权
参考例句：
  • The law gives public schools immunity from taxation.法律免除公立学校的纳税义务。
  • He claims diplomatic immunity to avoid being arrested.他要求外交豁免以便避免被捕。
14 doctrine Pkszt     
n.教义；主义；学说
参考例句：
  • He was impelled to proclaim his doctrine.他不得不宣扬他的教义。
  • The council met to consider changes to doctrine.宗教议会开会考虑更改教义。
15 lawsuit A14xy     
n.诉讼，控诉
参考例句：
  • They threatened him with a lawsuit.他们以诉讼威逼他。
  • He was perpetually involving himself in this long lawsuit.他使自己无休止地卷入这场长时间的诉讼。
16 lawsuits 1878e62a5ca1482cc4ae9e93dcf74d69     
n.诉讼( lawsuit的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • Lawsuits involving property rights and farming and grazing rights increased markedly. 涉及财产权，耕作与放牧权的诉讼案件显著地增加。 来自辞典例句
  • I've lost and won more lawsuits than any man in England. 全英国的人算我官司打得最多，赢的也多，输的也多。 来自辞典例句
17 breached e3498bf16767cf8f9f8dc58f7275a5a5     
攻破( breach的现在分词 )； 破坏，违反
参考例句：
  • These commitments have already been breached. 这些承诺已遭背弃。
  • Our tanks have breached the enemy defences. 我方坦克车突破了敌人的防线。
18 fulfill Qhbxg     
vt.履行，实现，完成；满足，使满意
参考例句：
  • If you make a promise you should fulfill it.如果你许诺了，你就要履行你的诺言。
  • This company should be able to fulfill our requirements.这家公司应该能够满足我们的要求。
19 inadequate 2kzyk     
adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的
参考例句：
  • The supply is inadequate to meet the demand.供不应求。
  • She was inadequate to the demands that were made on her.她还无力满足对她提出的各项要求。
20 incapable w9ZxK     
adj.无能力的，不能做某事的
参考例句：
  • He would be incapable of committing such a cruel deed.他不会做出这么残忍的事。
  • Computers are incapable of creative thought.计算机不会创造性地思维。
21 creditors 6cb54c34971e9a505f7a0572f600684b     
n.债权人，债主( creditor的名词复数 )
参考例句：
  • They agreed to repay their creditors over a period of three years. 他们同意3年内向债主还清欠款。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Creditors could obtain a writ for the arrest of their debtors. 债权人可以获得逮捕债务人的令状。 来自《简明英汉词典》
22 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的
参考例句：
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
23 precedent sSlz6     
n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的
参考例句：
  • Is there a precedent for what you want me to do?你要我做的事有前例可援吗？
  • This is a wonderful achievement without precedent in Chinese history.这是中国历史上亘古未有的奇绩。
24 accomplice XJsyq     
n.从犯，帮凶，同谋
参考例句：
  • She was her husband's accomplice in murdering a rich old man.她是她丈夫谋杀一个老富翁的帮凶。
  • He is suspected as an accomplice of the murder.他涉嫌为这次凶杀案的同谋。
25 offenders dee5aee0bcfb96f370137cdbb4b5cc8d     
n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 )；犯规者；罪犯；妨害…的人（或事物）
参考例句：
  • Long prison sentences can be a very effective deterrent for offenders. 判处长期徒刑可对违法者起到强有力的威慑作用。
  • Purposeful work is an important part of the regime for young offenders. 使从事有意义的劳动是管理少年犯的重要方法。
26 habitual x5Pyp     
adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的
参考例句：
  • He is a habitual criminal.他是一个惯犯。
  • They are habitual visitors to our house.他们是我家的常客。
27 habitually 4rKzgk     
ad.习惯地，通常地
参考例句：
  • The pain of the disease caused him habitually to furrow his brow. 病痛使他习惯性地紧皱眉头。
  • Habitually obedient to John, I came up to his chair. 我已经习惯于服从约翰，我来到他的椅子跟前。
28 juvenile OkEy2     
n.青少年，少年读物；adj.青少年的，幼稚的
参考例句：
  • For a grown man he acted in a very juvenile manner.身为成年人，他的行为举止显得十分幼稚。
  • Juvenile crime is increasing at a terrifying rate.青少年犯罪正在以惊人的速度增长。
29 minor e7fzR     
adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修
参考例句：
  • The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
  • I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。
30 parental FL2xv     
adj.父母的；父的；母的
参考例句：
  • He encourages parental involvement in the running of school.他鼓励学生家长参与学校的管理。
  • Children always revolt against parental disciplines.孩子们总是反抗父母的管束。
31 truant zG4yW     
n.懒惰鬼，旷课者；adj.偷懒的，旷课的，游荡的；v.偷懒，旷课
参考例句：
  • I found the truant throwing stones in the river.我发现那个逃课的学生在往河里扔石子。
  • Children who play truant from school are unimaginative.逃学的孩子们都缺乏想像力。
32 offense HIvxd     
n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪
参考例句：
  • I hope you will not take any offense at my words. 对我讲的话请别见怪。
  • His words gave great offense to everybody present.他的发言冲犯了在场的所有人。
33 truancy 5GdyV     
n.逃学，旷课
参考例句：
  • Schools need to reduce levels of truancy.学校需要减少旷课人数。
  • It was a day for impulse and truancy.这是个适于冲动或偷懒的日子。
34 statute TGUzb     
n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例
参考例句：
  • Protection for the consumer is laid down by statute.保障消费者利益已在法令里作了规定。
  • The next section will consider this environmental statute in detail.下一部分将详细论述环境法令的问题。
35 enacted b0a10ad8fca50ba4217bccb35bc0f2a1     
制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
  • legislation enacted by parliament 由议会通过的法律
  • Outside in the little lobby another scene was begin enacted. 外面的小休息室里又是另一番景象。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹
36 legislative K9hzG     
n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的
参考例句：
  • Congress is the legislative branch of the U.S. government.国会是美国政府的立法部门。
  • Today's hearing was just the first step in the legislative process.今天的听证会只是展开立法程序的第一步。
37 judicial c3fxD     
adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的
参考例句：
  • He is a man with a judicial mind.他是个公正的人。
  • Tom takes judicial proceedings against his father.汤姆对他的父亲正式提出诉讼。
38 proceeding Vktzvu     
n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报
参考例句：
  • This train is now proceeding from Paris to London.这次列车从巴黎开往伦敦。
  • The work is proceeding briskly.工作很有生气地进展着。
39 stenographer fu3w0     
n.速记员
参考例句：
  • The police stenographer recorded the man's confession word by word. 警察局速记员逐字记下了那个人的供词。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • A qualified stenographer is not necessarily a competent secretary. 一个合格的速记员不一定就是个称职的秘书。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
40 stipulation FhryP     
n.契约，规定，条文；条款说明
参考例句：
  • There's no stipulation as to the amount you can invest. 没有关于投资额的规定。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The only stipulation the building society makes is that house must be insured. 建屋互助会作出的唯一规定是房屋必须保险。 来自《简明英汉词典》
41 adjourn goRyc     
v.（使）休会，（使）休庭
参考例句：
  • The motion to adjourn was carried.休会的提议通过了。
  • I am afraid the court may not adjourn until three or even later.我担心法庭要到3点或更晚时才会休庭。
42 lawful ipKzCt     
adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的
参考例句：
  • It is not lawful to park in front of a hydrant.在消火栓前停车是不合法的。
  • We don't recognised him to be the lawful heir.我们不承认他为合法继承人。
43 substantive qszws     
adj.表示实在的；本质的、实质性的；独立的；n.实词，实名词；独立存在的实体
参考例句：
  • They plan to meet again in Rome very soon to begin substantive negotiations.他们计划不久在罗马再次会晤以开始实质性的谈判。
  • A president needs substantive advice,but he also requires emotional succor. 一个总统需要实质性的建议，但也需要感情上的支持。
44 judgment e3xxC     
n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见
参考例句：
  • The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
  • He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。
45 violation lLBzJ     
n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯
参考例句：
  • He roared that was a violation of the rules.他大声说，那是违反规则的。
  • He was fined 200 dollars for violation of traffic regulation.他因违反交通规则被罚款200美元。
46 imprisonment I9Uxk     
n.关押，监禁，坐牢
参考例句：
  • His sentence was commuted from death to life imprisonment.他的判决由死刑减为无期徒刑。
  • He was sentenced to one year's imprisonment for committing bigamy.他因为犯重婚罪被判入狱一年。
47 pending uMFxw     
prep.直到，等待…期间；adj.待定的；迫近的
参考例句：
  • The lawsuit is still pending in the state court.这案子仍在州法庭等待定夺。
  • He knew my examination was pending.他知道我就要考试了。
48 jurisdiction La8zP     
n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权
参考例句：
  • It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。
  • Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。
49 improper b9txi     
adj.不适当的，不合适的，不正确的，不合礼仪的
参考例句：
  • Short trousers are improper at a dance.舞会上穿短裤不成体统。
  • Laughing and joking are improper at a funeral.葬礼时大笑和开玩笑是不合适的。
50 improperly 1e83f257ea7e5892de2e5f2de8b00e7b     
不正确地，不适当地
参考例句：
  • Of course it was acting improperly. 这样做就是不对嘛！
  • He is trying to improperly influence a witness. 他在试图误导证人。
51 exclusionary 7b922c7ff4e4ecd651577aafa4370540     
adj.排斥（性）的，排除在外的
参考例句：
  • Play not finish, uncle fidgeting, cut exclusionary. 戏未演完，叔父坐立不安，仓皇退席。 来自互联网
  • Procecutor: I am asking you to recognize the absurdity of the exclusionary rule. 检察官：我是在请求您认识到这个排除规则的荒谬性。 来自互联网
52 joint m3lx4     
adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合
参考例句：
  • I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤，肩膀脫臼了。
  • We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。
53 postpone rP0xq     
v.延期，推迟
参考例句：
  • I shall postpone making a decision till I learn full particulars.在未获悉详情之前我得从缓作出决定。
  • She decided to postpone the converastion for that evening.她决定当天晚上把谈话搁一搁。
54 postponed 9dc016075e0da542aaa70e9f01bf4ab1     
vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发）
参考例句：
  • The trial was postponed indefinitely. 审讯无限期延迟。
  • The game has already been postponed three times. 这场比赛已经三度延期了。

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