法律词汇表P

时间：2007-04-03 06:59:44

（单词翻译:单击）

术语
定义
pain and suffering Physical and/or emotional distress1 compensable as an element of damage in torts.
pardon Form of clemency2 releasing one from the penalties of a criminal conviction.
parens patriae (PAH renz PATE4 ree eye) Doctrine5 under which the government protects the interests of a minor7 or incapacitated person.
parole Supervised, conditional8 release of a prisoner before expiration9 of his/her sentence.
party One who files a lawsuit10 or against whom a lawsuit is filed.
patent Government grant giving an inventor exclusive right to make or sell his/her invention for a term of years.
penal3 Of, relating to or involving punishment or penalties.
penal code Code of laws concerning crimes and offenses12 and their punishment.
pendente lite (pen DEN13 tee LYE teh) During the progress of a lawsuit; contingent14 on the outcome of the suit.
per curiam (per KYUR ee uhm) See opinion.
peremptory15 challenge (peh REMP teh ree) Challenge which may be used to reject a certain number of prospective16 jurors without giving reason. Compare challenge for cause.
perjury17 Deliberately18 making a false or misleading statement under oath.
permanent injunction Court order requiring or forbidding action, granted after final hearing has been held on its merits. (Does not necessarily last forever.) Compare preliminary injunction.
personal jurisdiction19 Adjudicative power of a court over an individual.
personal property Any movable physical property or intangible property which may be owned. Does not include real property such as land or rights in land.
personal recognizance Release of a defendant20 without bail21 upon promise to return to court as required. Also known as releasing one "on his own recognizance."
personal representative Person who administers legal affairs of another because of incapacity or death.
petit jury (PEH tee) Jury composed of six to twelve persons who hear evidence presented at a trial and determine the facts in dispute. Compare grand jury.
petition Written request to a court asking for a particular action to be taken.
petitioner24 See plaintiff.
plaintiff Person, corporation, legal entity25, etc., initiating26 a civil lawsuit. Also called complainant or petitioner.
plea Defendant's formal response to a criminal charge. Plea may be guilty, not guilty or nolo contendere (no contest).
plea bargaining Mutually satisfactory disposition27 of a case negotiated between accused and prosecutor28. Usually defendant pleads guilty to lesser29 charge/s in exchange for reduced sentence or dismissal of other charges.
pleadings Written statements by parties to a lawsuit, setting forth30 or responding to allegations, claims, denials or defenses.
plenary action (PLEH nuh ry) Complete, formal hearing or trial on merits.
polling the jury Asking jurors individually after verdict has been announced, whether they agree with verdict.
pour-over will Will that leaves some or all estate assets to existing trust.
power of attorney Legal authorization31 for one person to act on behalf of another individual. See attorney-in-fact.
praecipe (PRESS ih pee) Writ23 commanding a person to do something or to show cause why he/she should not.
precedent32 Previously33 decided34 case which guides decisions of future cases. Compare stare decisis.
precept35 Writ issued by person of authority commanding a subordinate official to perform an act.
prejudicial error See reversible error.
preliminary hearing Hearing at which judge determines whether evidence is sufficient against a person charged with a crime to warrant holding him/her for trial. Compare arraignment37 and initial appearance.
preliminary injunction Court order requiring or forbidding an action until a decision can be made whether to issue a permanent injunction. Issued only after both parties have had opportunity to be heard. Compare temporary restraining order.
premeditation Decision or plan to commit a crime.
preponderance of evidence Greater weight of evidence, a common standard of proof in civil cases. Jury is instructed to find for the party which has the stronger evidence, however slight that may be. Compare clear and convincing evidence.
pre-sentencing report Report to sentencing judge containing background information about crime and defendant to assist judge in making his/her sentencing decision. Sometimes called sentencing report.
presentment Declaration or document issued by grand jury on its own initiative, making accusation38. Compare indictment39.
presumption40 of innocence41 Fundamental principle of American justice system that every individual is innocent of a crime until proven guilty in a court of law.
presumption of law Rule of law that courts and judges must draw a particular inference from a particular fact or evidence.
pretermitted child (PRE ter MITT42 ed) Child born after a will is executed, who is not provided for by the will. Most states have laws that provide for a share of the estate to go to such children.
pre-trial conference Informal meeting between judge and lawyers in a lawsuit to narrow issues, agree on what will be presented at trial and make final effort to settle case without trial.
prima facie case (PREE muh FAH sheh) Case that has minimum amount of evidence necessary to allow it to continue in the judicial36 process.
prima facie evidence Evidence sufficient to establish a fact or sustain a finding in favor of the side it supports unless rebutted43.
prior restraint Restraint on speech or publication before it is spoken or published. Prohibited by constitution unless defamatory or obscene or creates a clear and present danger.
pro6 bono publico "For the public good." When lawyers represent clients without a fee. Usually shortened to "pro bono."
pro se (pro see) An individual who represents himself/herself in court. Also called "in propria persona."
probable cause Sufficient legal reasons for allowing search and seizure44 or arrest of a person.
probate Process of proving a will is valid45 and should be carried out. Also refers more generally to law governing estates.
probate court Court with authority to supervise estate administration.
probate estate Estate property that may be disposed of by a will.
probation46 Alternative to imprisonment47 allowing person found guilty of offense11 to stay in the community, usually under conditions and under supervision48 of a probation officer.
procedural law Law which prescribes the method of enforcing rights or obtaining redress49 for invasion of rights. Compare substantive50 law.
proceeding51 A legal action. Conducting juridical business before a court or judicial officer.
promulgate52 To put (a law) into action or effect. To make known or publicly.
prosecutor Attorney representing the government in a criminal case.
protective order Court order to protect a party or witness from further harassment53, service of process or discovery by the opposing party.
prothonotary Chief clerk of any of various courts in some states, including those of Pennsylvania.
proximate cause Act legally sufficient to result in liability. Act without which an action could not have occurred. Differs from immediate54 cause.
public defender55 Government lawyer who provides legal services for an individual accused of a crime, who cannot afford to pay.
punitive56 Damages awarded to a plaintiff over and above the actual damages, meant to punish the defendant and thus deter22 future behavior of like nature.
purge To exonerate or cleanse from guilt

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1 distress 3llzX     
n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛
参考例句：
  • Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。
  • Please don't distress yourself.请你不要忧愁了。
2 clemency qVnyV     
n.温和，仁慈，宽厚
参考例句：
  • The question of clemency would rest with the King.宽大处理问题，将由国王决定。
  • They addressed to the governor a plea for clemency.他们向州长提交了宽刑的申辨书。
3 penal OSBzn     
adj.刑罚的；刑法上的
参考例句：
  • I hope you're familiar with penal code.我希望你们熟悉本州法律规则。
  • He underwent nineteen years of penal servitude for theft.他因犯了大窃案受过十九年的苦刑。
4 pate pmqzS9     
n.头顶；光顶
参考例句：
  • The few strands of white hair at the back of his gourd-like pate also quivered.他那长在半个葫芦样的头上的白发，也随着笑声一齐抖动着。
  • He removed his hat to reveal a glowing bald pate.他脱下帽子，露出了发亮的光头。
5 doctrine Pkszt     
n.教义；主义；学说
参考例句：
  • He was impelled to proclaim his doctrine.他不得不宣扬他的教义。
  • The council met to consider changes to doctrine.宗教议会开会考虑更改教义。
6 pro tk3zvX     
n.赞成，赞成的意见，赞成者
参考例句：
  • The two debating teams argued the question pro and con.辩论的两组从赞成与反对两方面辩这一问题。
  • Are you pro or con nuclear disarmament?你是赞成还是反对核裁军？
7 minor e7fzR     
adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修
参考例句：
  • The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
  • I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。
8 conditional BYvyn     
adj.条件的，带有条件的
参考例句：
  • My agreement is conditional on your help.你肯帮助我才同意。
  • There are two forms of most-favored-nation treatment:conditional and unconditional.最惠国待遇有两种形式:有条件的和无条件的。
9 expiration bmSxA     
n.终结，期满，呼气，呼出物
参考例句：
  • Can I have your credit card number followed by the expiration date?能告诉我你的信用卡号码和它的到期日吗?
  • This contract shall be terminated on the expiration date.劳动合同期满，即行终止。
10 lawsuit A14xy     
n.诉讼，控诉
参考例句：
  • They threatened him with a lawsuit.他们以诉讼威逼他。
  • He was perpetually involving himself in this long lawsuit.他使自己无休止地卷入这场长时间的诉讼。
11 offense HIvxd     
n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪
参考例句：
  • I hope you will not take any offense at my words. 对我讲的话请别见怪。
  • His words gave great offense to everybody present.他的发言冲犯了在场的所有人。
12 offenses 4bfaaba4d38a633561a0153eeaf73f91     
n.进攻( offense的名词复数 )；（球队的）前锋；进攻方法；攻势
参考例句：
  • It's wrong of you to take the child to task for such trifling offenses. 因这类小毛病责备那孩子是你的不对。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Thus, Congress cannot remove an executive official except for impeachable offenses. 因此，除非有可弹劾的行为，否则国会不能罢免行政官员。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法
13 den 5w9xk     
n.兽穴；秘密地方；安静的小房间，私室
参考例句：
  • There is a big fox den on the back hill.后山有一个很大的狐狸窝。
  • The only way to catch tiger cubs is to go into tiger's den.不入虎穴焉得虎子。
14 contingent Jajyi     
adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队
参考例句：
  • The contingent marched in the direction of the Western Hills.队伍朝西山的方向前进。
  • Whether or not we arrive on time is contingent on the weather.我们是否按时到达要视天气情况而定。
15 peremptory k3uz8     
adj.紧急的，专横的，断然的
参考例句：
  • The officer issued peremptory commands.军官发出了不容许辩驳的命令。
  • There was a peremptory note in his voice.他说话的声音里有一种不容置辩的口气。
16 prospective oR7xB     
adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的
参考例句：
  • The story should act as a warning to other prospective buyers.这篇报道应该对其他潜在的购买者起到警示作用。
  • They have all these great activities for prospective freshmen.这会举办各种各样的活动来招待未来的新人。
17 perjury LMmx0     
n.伪证；伪证罪
参考例句：
  • You'll be punished if you procure the witness to commit perjury.如果你诱使证人作伪证，你要受罚的。
  • She appeared in court on a perjury charge.她因被指控做了伪证而出庭受审。
18 deliberately Gulzvq     
adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地
参考例句：
  • The girl gave the show away deliberately.女孩故意泄露秘密。
  • They deliberately shifted off the argument.他们故意回避这个论点。
19 jurisdiction La8zP     
n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权
参考例句：
  • It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。
  • Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。
20 defendant mYdzW     
n.被告；adj.处于被告地位的
参考例句：
  • The judge rejected a bribe from the defendant's family.法官拒收被告家属的贿赂。
  • The defendant was borne down by the weight of evidence.有力的证据使被告认输了。
21 bail Aupz4     
v.舀（水），保释；n.保证金，保释，保释人
参考例句：
  • One of the prisoner's friends offered to bail him out.犯人的一个朋友答应保释他出来。
  • She has been granted conditional bail.她被准予有条件保释。
22 deter DmZzU     
vt.阻止，使不敢，吓住
参考例句：
  • Failure did not deter us from trying it again.失败并没有能阻挡我们再次进行试验。
  • Dogs can deter unwelcome intruders.狗能够阻拦不受欢迎的闯入者。
23 writ iojyr     
n.命令状，书面命令
参考例句：
  • This is a copy of a writ I received this morning.这是今早我收到的书面命令副本。
  • You shouldn't treat the newspapers as if they were Holy Writ. 你不应该把报上说的话奉若神明。
24 petitioner 9lOzrW     
n.请愿人
参考例句：
  • The judge awarded the costs of the case to the petitioners.法官判定由这起案件的上诉人支付诉讼费用。
  • The petitioner ask for a variation in her maintenance order.上诉人要求对她生活费的命令的条件进行变更。
25 entity vo8xl     
n.实体，独立存在体，实际存在物
参考例句：
  • The country is no longer one political entity.这个国家不再是一个统一的政治实体了。
  • As a separate legal entity,the corporation must pay taxes.作为一个独立的法律实体，公司必须纳税。
26 initiating 88832d3915125bdffcc264e1cdb71d73     
v.开始( initiate的现在分词 )；传授；发起；接纳新成员
参考例句：
  • He is good at initiating projects but rarely follows through with anything. 他善于创建项目，但难得坚持完成。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Only the perchlorate shows marked sensitiveness and possibly initiating properties. 只有高氯酸盐表现有显著的感度和可能具有起爆性能。 来自辞典例句
27 disposition GljzO     
n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署
参考例句：
  • He has made a good disposition of his property.他已对财产作了妥善处理。
  • He has a cheerful disposition.他性情开朗。
28 prosecutor 6RXx1     
n.起诉人；检察官，公诉人
参考例句：
  • The defender argued down the prosecutor at the court.辩护人在法庭上驳倒了起诉人。
  • The prosecutor would tear your testimony to pieces.检查官会把你的证言驳得体无完肤。
29 lesser UpxzJL     
adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地
参考例句：
  • Kept some of the lesser players out.不让那些次要的球员参加联赛。
  • She has also been affected,but to a lesser degree.她也受到波及，但程度较轻。
30 forth Hzdz2     
adv.向前；向外，往外
参考例句：
  • The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
  • He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。
31 authorization wOxyV     
n.授权，委任状
参考例句：
  • Anglers are required to obtain prior authorization from the park keeper.垂钓者必须事先得到公园管理者的许可。
  • You cannot take a day off without authorization.未经批准你不得休假。
32 precedent sSlz6     
n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的
参考例句：
  • Is there a precedent for what you want me to do?你要我做的事有前例可援吗？
  • This is a wonderful achievement without precedent in Chinese history.这是中国历史上亘古未有的奇绩。
33 previously bkzzzC     
adv.以前，先前（地）
参考例句：
  • The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
  • Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿，解释原先发生了什么。
34 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的
参考例句：
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
35 precept VPox5     
n.戒律；格言
参考例句：
  • It occurs to me that example is always more efficacious than precept.我想到身教重于言教。
  • The son had well profited by the precept and example of the father.老太爷的言传身教早已使他儿子获益无穷。
36 judicial c3fxD     
adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的
参考例句：
  • He is a man with a judicial mind.他是个公正的人。
  • Tom takes judicial proceedings against his father.汤姆对他的父亲正式提出诉讼。
37 arraignment 5dda0a3626bc4b16a924ccc72ff4654a     
n.提问，传讯，责难
参考例句：
  • She was remanded to juvenile detention at her arraignment yesterday. 她昨天被送回了对少年拘留在她的传讯。 来自互联网
  • Wyatt asks the desk clerk which courthouse he is being transferred to for arraignment. 他向接待警员询问了马宏将在哪个法庭接受传讯。 来自互联网
38 accusation GJpyf     
n.控告，指责，谴责
参考例句：
  • I was furious at his making such an accusation.我对他的这种责备非常气愤。
  • She knew that no one would believe her accusation.她知道没人会相信她的指控。
39 indictment ybdzt     
n.起诉；诉状
参考例句：
  • He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。
  • They issued an indictment against them.他们起诉了他们。
40 presumption XQcxl     
n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定
参考例句：
  • Please pardon my presumption in writing to you.请原谅我很冒昧地写信给你。
  • I don't think that's a false presumption.我认为那并不是错误的推测。
41 innocence ZbizC     
n.无罪；天真；无害
参考例句：
  • There was a touching air of innocence about the boy.这个男孩有一种令人感动的天真神情。
  • The accused man proved his innocence of the crime.被告人经证实无罪。
42 mitt Znszwo     
n.棒球手套，拳击手套，无指手套；vt.铐住，握手
参考例句：
  • I gave him a baseball mitt for his birthday.为祝贺他的生日，我送给他一只棒球手套。
  • Tom squeezed a mitt and a glove into the bag.汤姆把棒球手套和手套都塞进袋子里。
43 rebutted 04f2c8f6e28c4ca73fb606a34953d5de     
v.反驳，驳回( rebut的过去式和过去分词 )；击退
参考例句：
  • Has Mr. Chiang or any member of his party ever rebutted this? 蒋先生及其党人曾经对这话提出过任何驳斥吗？ 来自互联网
  • He rebutted the argument of the other team in a debate. 他在辩论会中反驳对方的论点。 来自互联网
44 seizure FsSyO     
n.没收；占有；抵押
参考例句：
  • The seizure of contraband is made by customs.那些走私品是被海关没收的。
  • The courts ordered the seizure of all her property.法院下令查封她所有的财产。
45 valid eiCwm     
adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的
参考例句：
  • His claim to own the house is valid.他主张对此屋的所有权有效。
  • Do you have valid reasons for your absence?你的缺席有正当理由吗？
46 probation 41zzM     
n.缓刑(期)，(以观后效的)察看；试用(期)
参考例句：
  • The judge did not jail the young man,but put him on probation for a year.法官没有把那个年轻人关进监狱，而且将他缓刑察看一年。
  • His salary was raised by 800 yuan after his probation.试用期满以后，他的工资增加了800元。
47 imprisonment I9Uxk     
n.关押，监禁，坐牢
参考例句：
  • His sentence was commuted from death to life imprisonment.他的判决由死刑减为无期徒刑。
  • He was sentenced to one year's imprisonment for committing bigamy.他因为犯重婚罪被判入狱一年。
48 supervision hr6wv     
n.监督，管理
参考例句：
  • The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。
  • The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。
49 redress PAOzS     
n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除
参考例句：
  • He did all that he possibly could to redress the wrongs.他尽了一切努力革除弊端。
  • Any man deserves redress if he has been injured unfairly.任何人若蒙受不公平的损害都应获得赔偿。
50 substantive qszws     
adj.表示实在的；本质的、实质性的；独立的；n.实词，实名词；独立存在的实体
参考例句：
  • They plan to meet again in Rome very soon to begin substantive negotiations.他们计划不久在罗马再次会晤以开始实质性的谈判。
  • A president needs substantive advice,but he also requires emotional succor. 一个总统需要实质性的建议，但也需要感情上的支持。
51 proceeding Vktzvu     
n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报
参考例句：
  • This train is now proceeding from Paris to London.这次列车从巴黎开往伦敦。
  • The work is proceeding briskly.工作很有生气地进展着。
52 promulgate Etnyl     
v.宣布；传播；颁布（法令、新法律等）
参考例句：
  • The king promulgate a decree.国王颁布了一项命令。
  • The shipping industry promulgated a voluntary code.航运业对自律守则进行了宣传。
53 harassment weNxI     
n.骚扰，扰乱，烦恼，烦乱
参考例句：
  • She often got telephone harassment at night these days.这些天她经常在夜晚受到电话骚扰。
  • The company prohibits any form of harassment.公司禁止任何形式的骚扰行为。
54 immediate aapxh     
adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的
参考例句：
  • His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
  • We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。
55 defender ju2zxa     
n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人
参考例句：
  • He shouldered off a defender and shot at goal.他用肩膀挡开防守队员，然后射门。
  • The defender argued down the prosecutor at the court.辩护人在法庭上驳倒了起诉人。
56 punitive utey6     
adj.惩罚的，刑罚的
参考例句：
  • They took punitive measures against the whole gang.他们对整帮人采取惩罚性措施。
  • The punitive tariff was imposed to discourage tire imports from China.该惩罚性关税的征收是用以限制中国轮胎进口的措施。

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