颐和园Summer Palace (Yiheyuan)

Situated¹ in the western outskirts² of Haidian District, the Summer Palace is 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) from central Beijing. Having the largest royal park and being well preserved, it was designated, in 1960 by the State Council, as a Key Cultural Relics³ Protection Site of China. Containing examples of the ancient arts, it also has graceful⁴ landscapes and magnificent constructions. The Summer Palace is the archetypal Chinese garden, and is ranked amongst the most noted⁵ and classical gardens of the world. In 1998, it was listed as one of the World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.

Constructed in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), during the succeeding reign⁶ of feudal⁷ emperors; it was extended continuously. By the time of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), it had become a luxurious⁸ royal garden providing royal families with rest and entertainment. Originally called "Qingyi Garden" (Garden of Clear Ripples⁹), it was know as one of the famous "three hills and five gardens" (Longevity¹⁰ Hill, Jade¹¹ Spring Mountain, and Fragrant¹² Hill; Garden of Clear Ripples, Garden of Everlasting¹³ Spring, Garden of Perfection and Brightness, Garden of Tranquility and Brightness, and Garden of Tranquility and Pleasure). Like most of the gardens of Beijing, it could not elude¹⁴ the rampages of the Anglo-French allied¹⁵ force and was destroyed by fire. In 1888, Empress Dowager Cixi embezzled¹⁶ navy funds to reconstruct it for her own benefit, changing its name to Summer Palace (Yiheyuan). She spent most of her later years there, dealing¹⁷ with state affairs and entertaining. In 1900, it suffered again, being ransacked¹⁸ by the Eight-Power Allied Force. After the success of the 1911 Revolution, it was opened to the public.

Composed mainly of Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake, The Summer Palace occupies an area of 294 hectares (726.5 acres), three quarters of which is water. Guided by nature, artists designed the gardens exquisitely¹⁹ so that visitors would see marvelous views and be amazed by perfect examples of refined craftwork using the finest materials.

Centered on the Tower of Buddhist²⁰ Incense²¹ (Foxiangge) the Summer Palace consists of over 3,000 structures including pavilions, towers, bridges, and corridors. The Summer Palace can be divided into four parts: the court area, front-hill area, front-lake area, and rear-hill and back-lake area.

Front-Hill Area: this area is the most magnificent area in the Summer Palace with the most constructions. Its layout is quite distinctive²² because of the central axis²³ from the yard of Kunming Lake to the hilltop, on which important buildings are positioned including Gate of Dispelling²⁴ Clouds, Hall of Dispelling Clouds, Hall of Moral Glory, Tower of Buddhist Incense, the Hall of the Sea of Wisdom, etc.

Rear-Hill and Back-Lake Area: although the constructions are fewer here, it has a unique landscape, with dense²⁵ green trees, and winding²⁶ paths. Visitors can feel a rare tranquility, and elegance²⁷. This area includes scenic²⁸ spots such as Garden of Harmonious²⁹ Interest and Suzhou Market Street.

Court Area: this is where Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu met officials, conducted state affairs and rested. Entering the East Palace Gate, visitors may see the main palace buildings: the Hall of Benevolence³⁰ and Longevity served as the office of the Emperor, the Hall of Jade Ripples where Guangxu lived, the Hall of Joyful³¹ Longevity, Cixi's residence, the Hall of Virtue³² and Harmony where Cixi was entertained.

Front Lake Area: covering a larger part of the Summer Palace, opens up the vista³³ of the lake. A breeze fluttering, waves gleam and willows³⁴ kiss the ripples of the vast water. In this comfortable area there are the Eastern and Western Banks, the Seventeen-Arch Bridge, Nanhu Island, and so on. On the western bank float six distinct bridges amongst which the Jade-Belt Bridge is the most beautiful.