平齿鱼的捕食习惯

The feeding habits of an unusual 200-million-year-old fish have been uncovered by a University of Bristol undergraduate in a groundbreaking study which has been published in Palaeontology, a leading scientific journal, this week - a rare achievement for an undergraduate student. The Jurassic fish, Dapedium, known from the Lower Lias rocks of the Dorset coast around Lyme Regis, was one of many new groups of fishes that came on the scene 200 million years ago. These included ancestors of the modern teleost fishes - the group of 30,000 species of salmon¹, cod², seahorses, and perch³ - that dominate the waters today.

 

This distinctive⁴ fish was also one of a number of ancient animals first discovered by the pioneering nineteenth century fossil collector Mary Anning, and fascinated early palaeontologists such as Henry De la Beche and Louis Agassiz.

 

Dapedium was a deep-bodied fish, shaped like a dinner plate in side view, which could grow to over half a metre in length. It had a tiny mouth with jutting⁵ front teeth and masses of pebble-shaped teeth further back.

 

In his research, Bristol undergraduate Fiann Smithwick applied⁶ a new lever-based mechanical model, developed to understand the jaw⁷ mechanics of modern fishes, to reconstruct the feeding behaviour of this extraordinary ancient fish.

 

"My work indicates that Dapedium was well adapted to crush shells," said Fiann, "feeding on bivalves and other hard-shelled creatures that it could scrape from the sea floor."

 

He examined 89 specimens⁸ of Dapedium in the Natural History Museum, Bristol City Museum, and the Philpot Museum in Lyme Regis, and measured the positions and lengths of the jaw bones. He calculated the positions and orientations⁹ of jaw muscles and varied¹⁰ these to include all possible models.

 

"Every time he ran the model, the result was the same," explained Professor Mike Benton, Fiann's supervisor¹¹. "The outputs showed that Dapedium was a shell crusher. Its jaws¹² moved slowly, but strongly, and so it could work on the hard shells of its prey¹³. Other fishes have fast-moving, but weaker jaws, and those are adapted for feeding on speedy, slippery fish prey."

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