文化差异对人类行为影响不大

A generally held assumption in various academic disciplines is that the way people perform various everyday activities -- walking, swimming, carrying loads, etc. -- is culturally determined¹. But, the question remains²: do these cultural characteristics, when they affect various motor skills, also determine the results of people's efforts? A study involving an original collaboration³ between archaeology⁴（考古学）, ethnology（人种学） and human movement sciences indicates that different cultural approaches to various tasks do not necessarily produce different results. These findings, for example, represent a cautionary tale for archaeologists, demonstrating that the cultural identity of a social group cannot be reduced to the shape of a ceramic⁵（陶瓷的） artefact. Therefore, the morphological (shape) analysis of ancient ceramics⁶ needs to be complemented⁷ with other analyses for material content and markings.

 

The study conducted by researchers from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and from France and Australia has been published in the American journal PLoS One. The researchers were Dr. Leore Grosman and Dr. Enore Gandon of the Computerized Archaeology Laboratory at the Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Dr. Reinoud J. Bootsma of the Institute of Movement Sciences of the University of Aix-Marseille, France; and Dr. John A. Endler of the Center for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Australia.

 

In their collaborative work, the researchers focused on pottery⁸（陶器） wheel-throwing in French and Indian cultural settings. Field experiments were set up with expert potters in workshops in central France (Bourgogne) and north India (Uttar Pradesh). All participants (nine French and six Indian) were invited to reproduce a common model shape (a sphere) with two different masses of clay.

 

The differing hand positions and movements used by the potters when shaping the pots were identified and recorded. In addition, the vessels⁹ produced were geometrically characterized as to their degree of similarity. As expected, results revealed a cultural influence on the operational aspects of the potters' motor skill. From the total of 62 different hand positions identified, 44% were culture-specific (only French or Indian) and only 27% were shared across cultures. Twenty-nine percent were individual.

 

In other words, most of the hand positions were cultural and the rest were either cross-cultural or individual. Yet, the large cultural differences in hand positions used did not give rise to noticeable differences in the shapes of the vessels produced. Hence, for the simple, spherical¹⁰ model selected, the culturally-specific motor traditions of the French and Indian potters gave rise to an equivalent outcome that was largely unified¹¹ in shape.

 

In undertaking¹² their novel approach, the researchers are convinced that they have opened up an innovative¹³ way to assess the cultural aspect of human motor skills, introducing in the process a cautionary note in addressing the characterization of these skills.

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