一些端足目动物会在北极繁育

Biologists from the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine¹ Research (AWI) have for the first time shown that amphipods（端足目） from the warmer Atlantic are now reproducing in Arctic waters to the west of Spitsbergen. This surprising discovery indicates a possible shift of the Arctic zooplankton（浮游动物） community, scientists report in the journal Marine Ecology Progress Series. The primary victims of this "Atlantification" are likely to be marine birds, fish and whales. The reason is that the migrating amphipods measure around one centimetre, and so are smaller than the respective Arctic species; this makes them less nutritious³ prey⁴. Amphipods have a preference which made it easy for AWI biologists to recognise these changes. This is because the sea dwellers⁵, which are classed as zooplankton, would appear to like hiding. "Their favourite hiding places apparently⁶ include our sediment⁷ traps which have been suspended for 13 years in HAUSGARTEN, the AWI long-term observatory⁸ in the Fram Strait. We had originally anchored our funnel-shaped traps at a depth of some 300 metres there in the West Spitsbergen Current in order to catch downward floating material such as algae⁹ or excrement¹⁰ from zooplankton. However, from the start we also found several amphipods in the traps. The sample containers are full to the brim, especially in summer months. We therefore believe that the animals are actively¹¹ swimming into the traps," states AWI plankton² specialist Dr. Eva-Maria Nöthig.

 

The by-catch rapidly proved to be a valuable sample set, because over years changes were not only seen in the number of amphipods caught, but also in the species composition. "In the first four years our catches consisted exclusively of the Arctic and sub-Arctic individuals Themisto libellula and Themisto abyssorum. We found examples of the smaller species Themisto compressa, which is native to the Atlantic Ocean, in our sediment traps in July 2004 for the first time. They had apparently come that far north during a warm phase of the West Spitsbergen Current," the scientist reports.

 

A one-off discovery? By no means! During subsequent years what had begun as an exception turned into a seasonally¹² recurrent rule. From this time scientists documented ever more examples of the Atlantic species Themisto compressa, especially in summer months. Despite this, scientists at that time believed water in the West Spitsbergen Current, with its average temperature of 3 to 3.5 degrees Celsius¹³, to be too cold to permit the animals from the southern part of the North Atlantic, which have a greater sensitivity to cold, to reproduce there.

 

New findings contradicted this assumption: "The catches in the months of August and September 2011 contained ovigerous females and recently hatched juveniles¹⁴ of the Atlantic species for the first time. Moreover in following months we were able to provide evidence of the migrating amphipod in all stages of development, despite the fact that the warm phase of the West Spitsbergen Current had already subsided," says Eva-Maria Nöthig.

 

The scientists began to calculate: the water masses of the West Spitsbergen Current running northwards require approximately 150 days to get from the North Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean. Too long to transport females already bearing eggs from their native habitat at 60 degrees north latitude¹⁵ in time for their larvae¹⁶ to hatch near the west coast of Spitsbergen. "In view of these facts, we believe that the Atlantic amphipods are reproducing in the waters of the eastern Fram Strait. This means the animals reach sexual maturity¹⁷ here and also have their offspring here," Eva-Maria Nöthig says.

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