某普通土壤细菌似乎拥有触觉

A common soil dwelling¹ bacterium² appears to possess a sense of touch, researchers have shown. A study, by Dr James Stratford at The University of Nottingham and Dr Simon Park at the University of Surrey, has found that Bacillus mycoides, which has been known to science since 1842, responds to forces and curvature（弯曲） in the medium on which it's growing.

 

The microbe's ability to respond to subtle changes in its environment, as revealed in the journal PLOS ONE, could signal potential useful scientific, engineering and medical applications for B. mycoides.

 

Dr Stratford, a research fellow at Nottingham's School of Life Sciences, said: "We happened to notice the way the growing bacteria interacted with small defects in our solid culture media and thought what if that's more than just random³ variation?"

 

Like living spiral art, the organism produces a spreading colony made up of repeatedly curving filaments⁵（花丝，细丝）. While its response to changes occurs in individual bacterial⁶ filaments on a microscopic⁷ level, the resulting pattern is easily visible to the naked eye on culture plates.

 

Whirlpool shaped structures the size of a human hand are produced in response to growth on curved surfaces and the organism can even respond to damage -- holes cut in the gel on which it is growing lead to changes in the direction of nearby filaments.

 

The ability to respond to force allows filaments of B. mycoides to orient themselves towards objects which are causing even the tiniest disruptions to the surface nearby. B. mycoides was even able to 'find' small glass beads⁸ placed in the vicinity of the bacterial colony.

 

The study used high magnification time lapse⁹ to capture B. mycoides responding to a compression force in the agar gel being used as a growth medium. Images were taken at 20 minute intervals¹⁰ after force was applied¹¹.

 

Using this method it was possible to steer¹² bacterial cells under the microscope from a distance by changing the direction of force in the growth medium. The bacterial filaments grow parallel to stretching and perpendicular¹³ to compression force. When the gel was squeezed by only 1% it resulted in a full 90° turn by the filament⁴. It is not known exactly how the response works but theories include a molecular¹⁴ sensing mechanism¹⁵ related to motility or possibly that the bacterium follows the distorted gel surface like a record player's stylus（唱针） follows the grooves¹⁶（细槽） in a vinyl.

 

With its rapid growth and ability to respond to force, B. mycoides could function as an easy-to-read living early warning system detecting strain and failure in structures under mechanical load.

 

Mechanotaxis -- the ability to respond to force -- is also an important organising mechanism for the assembly of multicellular organisms, helping¹⁷ to sculpt¹⁸ developing tissues and organs including those of humans. Insights into how the response works in this simple bacterium may further understanding of how mechanotaxis evolved.

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