光合作用的量子奥秘

The efficient conversion¹ of sunlight into useful energy is one of the challenges which stand in the way of meeting the world's increasing energy demand in a clean, sustainable way without relying on fossil fuels. Photosynthetic²（光合作用的） organisms, such as plants and some bacteria, have mastered this process: In less than a couple of trillionths of a second, 95 percent of the sunlight they absorb is whisked away to drive the metabolic³ reactions that provide them with energy. The efficiency of photovoltaic（光电的） cells currently on the market is around 20 percent. What hidden mechanism⁴ does nature use to transfer energy so efficiently⁵? Various research groups around the world have shown that this highly efficient energy transport is connected to a quantum-mechanical phenomenon. However, until now, no one had directly observed the possible impacts of such a quantum transport mechanism at work at room temperature.

 

In an article published in the journal Science, researchers from ICFO- Institute of Photonic Sciences, in collaboration⁶ with biochemists from the University of Glasgow, have been able to show for the first time at ambient conditions that the quantum mechanisms⁷ of energy transfer make phyotosynthesis more robust⁸ in the face of environmental influences. The quantum phenomenon responsible, known as coherence⁹, is manifested in so-called photosynthetic antenna¹⁰ proteins that are responsible for absorption of sunlight and energy transport to the photochemical reaction centers of photosynthesis¹¹.

 

In order to observe quantum effects in photosynthesis, the research group led by Niek van Hulst developed a pioneering experimental technique. Energy transport during photosynthesis is extremely fast and takes place at a molecular¹² scale. To observe these processes they pushed the ultrafast spectroscopy techniques to the single-molecule limit. This involves sending ultrafast femtosecond light flashes to capture a high-speed series of 'pictures' of the states of individual antenna proteins after light absorption (during one femtosecond light travels only one hundredth of the diameter of a human hair, while in one second it travels from earth to moon). With these "snapshots" the researchers are able to understand how solar energy is transported through single proteins. "We have been able to observe how energy flows through sunlight absorbing photosynthetic systems with unprecedented¹³ spatial¹⁴ and temporal resolution. This allowed us to observe the fundamental role of quantum effects in photosynthesis at ambient（周围的） conditions" explains Richard Hildner, first author of the publication.

 

Van Hulst and his group have evaluated the energy transport pathways of separate individual but chemically identical, antenna proteins, and have shown that each protein uses a distinct pathway. The most surprising discovery was that the transport paths within single proteins can vary over time due to changes in the environmental conditions, apparently¹⁵ adapting for optimal¹⁶ efficiency. "These results show that coherence, a genuine quantum effect of superposition of states, is responsible for maintaining high levels of transport efficiency in biological systems, even while they adapt their energy transport pathways due to environmental influences" says van Hulst.

 

The results presented raise fascinating questions. Was the exploitation of quantum effects in photosynthesis driven by evolution to achieve the extraordinary efficiencies, or in other words did quantum transport outcompete other mechanisms during evolution? Are there other biological processes in which quantum effects play an important role? In the case of light-harvesting proteins quantum transportation allows extreme transport energy efficiency and robustness¹⁷. This discovery could lead to new research lines aiming at the developments of a new generation of solar cells that mimic¹⁸ these quantum coherences（一致，连贯性） for efficient energy transfer.

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