五百万年前地球上存在14种鳄鱼

Today, the most diverse species of crocodile are found in northern South America and Southeast Asia: As many as six species of alligator¹（短吻鳄） and four true crocodiles exist, although no more than two or three ever live alongside one another at the same time. It was a different story nine to about five million years ago, however, when a total of 14 different crocodile species existed and at least seven of them occupied the same area at the same time, as an international team headed by paleontologists Marcelo Sánchez and Torsten Scheyer from the University of Zurich is now able to reveal. The deltas² of the Amazonas and the Urumaco, a river on the Gulf³ of Venezuela that no longer exists, boasted an abundance of extremely diverse, highly specialized⁴ species of crocodile that has remained unparalleled ever since.

 

Two new fossil crocodile species discovered

 

While studying the wealth of fossil crocodiles from the Miocene in the Urumaco region, the scientists discovered two new crocodile species: the Globidentosuchus brachyrostris, which belonged to the caiman（凯门鳄） family and had spherical⁵（球形的） teeth, and Crocodylus falconensis, a crocodile that the researchers assume grew to well over four meters long. As Sánchez and his team reveal, Venezuela's fossils include all the families of crocodile species that still exist all over the world today: the Crocodylidae, the so-called true crocodiles; the Alligatoridae, which, besides the true alligators⁶, also include caimans; and the Gavialidae, which are characterized by their extremely long, thin snouts and are only found in Southeast Asia nowadays.

 

On account of the species' extremely different jaw⁷ shapes, the researchers are convinced that the different crocodilians were highly specialized feeders: With their pointed⁸, slender snouts, the fossil gharials must have preyed⁹ on fish. "Gharials occupied the niche¹⁰ in the habitat that was filled by dolphins after they became extinct," Sánchez suspects. With its spherical teeth, however, Globidentosuchus brachyrostris most likely specialized in shellfish, snails¹¹ or crabs¹². And giant crocodiles, which grew up to 12 meters long, fed on turtles, giant rodents¹³ and smaller crocodiles. "There were no predators¹⁴ back then in South America that could have hunted the three-meter-long turtles or giant rodents. Giant crocodiles occupied this very niche," explains Scheyer.

 

Andean uplift led to extinction¹⁵

 

The unusual variety of species in the coastal¹⁶ and brackish¹⁷（含盐的） water regions of Urumaco and Amazonas came to an end around 5 million years ago when all the crocodile species died out. The reason behind their extinction, however, was not temperature or climate changes -- temperatures in the Caribbean remained stable around the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Instead, it was caused by a tectonic event: "The Andean uplift changed the courses of rivers. As a result, the Amazon River no longer drains into the Caribbean, but the considerably¹⁸ cooler Atlantic Ocean," explains Sánchez. With the destruction of the habitat, an entirely¹⁹ new fauna²⁰ emerged that we know from the Orinoco and Amazon regions today. In the earlier Urumaco region, however, a very dry climate has prevailed ever since the Urumaco River dried up.

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