巴西对美国实施贸易制裁

The Brazilian government has announced trade sanctions against a variety of American goods in retaliation¹ for illegal US subsidies² to cotton farmers.

作为对美国非法向国内棉农提供补贴的反击措施，巴西政府宣布对一系列美国商品实行贸易制裁。

The WTO has ruled that subsidies to US cotton producers are discriminatory

The World Trade Organization (WTO) approved the sanctions in a rare move.

Brazil published a list of 100 US goods that would be subject to import tariffs⁴（关税） in 30 days, unless the two governments reached a last-minute（最后的，紧要关头的） accord.

It said it regretted the sanctions, but that eight years of litigation（诉讼，起诉） had failed to produce a result.

It said it would raise tariffs on $591m (£393m) worth of US products - from cars, where the tariff³ will increase from 35% to 50%, to milk powder, which would see a 20% increase in the levy⁵（征税，征收） .

Cotton and cotton products would be charged 100% import tariff, the highest on the list.

The Office of the US Trade Representative said it was "disappointed" by Brazil's decision and called for a negotiated settlement.

Critics say the US has given its cotton growers an unfair advantage by paying them billions of dollars each year.

In 2008, the WTO ruled that subsidies（津贴，补贴） to US cotton producers were discriminatory（差别对待的） .

Carlos Marcio Cozendey, head of economic affairs at Brazil's foreign ministry⁶, told a news conference: "The idea was to distribute the retaliation broadly in order to maximise（最大化） pressure."

"US farm subsidies are condemned⁷ worldwide. This archaic⁸（古代的，陈旧的） practice must stop," he added.

However some analysts⁹ say major changes to these subsidies would involve modifying agricultural legislation - a tall order for the US Congress against a difficult economic and political backdrop（背景） , says the BBC's Gary Duffy in Sao Paulo.

Our correspondent says the dispute, which began in 2002, is one of the few in which the WTO has allowed cross-retaliation, meaning the wronged party can retaliate¹⁰（报复，回敬） against a sector¹¹ not involved in the case.

He adds that it appears the Brazilian government has deliberately¹²（故意地，谨慎地） chosen a wide range of products in order to have maximum impact.