英文法律词典 P-44

PENANCE¹, eccl. law. An ecclesiastical punishment, inflicted² by an ecclesiastical court, for some spiritual offence. Ayl. Par³. 420.

PENCIL. An instrument made of plumbago, black lead, red chalk, or other suitable substance, for writing without ink.

2. It has been holden that a will written with a pencil, could riot, on this account, be annulled⁴. 1 Phillim. R. 1; 2 Phillim. 173.

PENDENTE LITE. Pending⁵ the continuance of an action, while litigation continues.

2. An administrator⁶ is appointed, pendente lite, when a will is contested. 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1557. Vide ddministrator.

PENDENTES, civil law. The fruits of the earth not yet separated from the ground; the fruits hanging by the roots. Ersk. Inst. B. 2, Lit. 2, s. 4.

PENETRATION⁷, crimes. The act of inserting the penis into the female organs of generation. 9 Car. & Pa 118; S. C. 38 E. C. L. R. 63. See 8 Car. & Payne, 614; 34 E. C. L. R. 562; 5 C. & P. 321; S. C. 24 E, C. L. R. 339; 9 C. & P. 31 Id. 752; 38 E. C. L. R. 320. But in order to commit the crime of rape⁸, it is requisite⁹ that the penetration should be such as to rupture¹⁰ the hymen. 5 C. & P. 321.

2. This has been denied to be sufficient to constitute a rape without emission¹¹. (q. v.) Bee, on this subject, 12 Co. 37; Hawk¹². bk 1, c. 41, s. 3; 1 Hale, P. C. 628; 1 East, P. C. 437, 8; Russ & Ry. C. C. 519; 6 C. & P. 351; 5 C. & P. 297, 321; S. C. 24 E. C. L. R. 339; 1 Chit. Med. Jur. 386 to 395; 1 Virg. Cas. 307; 4 Mood. Cr. Cas. 142, 337; 4 Car. & P. 249; 1 Par. & Fonbl. 433; 2 Mood. & M. C. N. P. 122; 1 Russ. C. & M 560; 1 East, P. C. 437.

PENITENTIARY¹³. A prison for the punishment of convicts.

2. There are two systems of penitentiaries¹⁴ in the United States, each of which is claimed to be the best by its partizans: the Pennsylvauia system and the New York system. By the former, convicts are lodged¹⁵ in separate, well lighted, and well ventilated cells, where they are required to work, during stated hours. During the whole time of their confinement¹⁶, they are never permitted to see or speak with each other. Their usual employments are shoemaking, weaving, winding¹⁷ yarn¹⁸, picking wool, and such like business. The only punishments to which convicts are subject, are the privation of food for short periods, and confinement without labor¹⁹ in dark, but well aired cells; this discipline has been found sufficient to keep perfect order; the whip ana all other corporal punishments are prohibited. The advantages of the plan are numerous. Men cannot long remain in solitude²⁰ without labor convicts, when deprived of it, ask it as a favor, and in order to retain it, use, generally, their best exertions²¹ to do their work well; being entirely²² secluded²³, they are of course unknown to their fellow prisoners, and can form no combination to escape while in prison, or associations to prey²⁴ upon society when they are out; being treated with kindness, and afforded books for their instruction and amusement, they become satisfied that society does not make war upon them, and, more disposed to return to it, which they are not prevented from doing by the exposure of their fellow prisoners, when in a strange place; the labor of the convicts tends greatly to defray the expenses of the prison. The disadvantages which were anticipated have been found, to be groundless.; Among these were, that the prisoners would be unhealthy; experience has proved the contrary; that they would become insane, this has also been found to be otherwise; that solitude is incompatible²⁵ with the performance of business; that obedience²⁶ to the discipline of the prison could not be enforced. These and all other objections to this system are, by its friends, believed to be without force.

3. The New York system, adopted at Auburn, which was probably copied from the penitentiary at Ghent, in the Netherlands, called La Maison de Force, is founded on the system of isolation²⁷ and separation, as well as that of Pennsylvania, but with this difference, that in the former the prisoners are confined to their separate cells during the night only; during the working hours in the day time they labor together in work shops appropriated to their use. They cat their meals together, but in such a manner as not to be able to speak with each other. Silence is also imposed upon them at their labor. They perform the labor of carpenters, blacksmiths, weavers²⁸, shoemakers, tailors, coopers, gardeners, wood sawyers, &c. The discipline of the prison is enforced by stripes, inflicted by the assistant keepers, on the backs of the prisoners, though this punishment is rarely exercised. The advantages of this plan are, that the convicts are in solitary²⁹ confinement during the night; that their labor, by being joint³⁰, is more productive; that, inasmuch as a clergyman is employed to preach to the prisoners, the system affords an, opportunity for mental and moral improvements. Among the objections made to it are, that the prisoners have opportunities of communicating with each other, and of forming plans of escape, and when they are out of prison, of associating together in consequence of their previous acquaintance, to the detriment³¹ of those who wish to return to virtue³², and to the danger of the public; that the discipline is degrading, and that it engenders³³ bitter resentment³⁴ in the mind of the convict. Vide, generally, on the subject of penitentiaries, Report of the Commissioners³⁵ (Messrs. King, Shaler, and Wharton,) on the Penal³⁶ Code of Pennsylvania; De Beaumont and De Toqueville, on the Penitentiary System of the United States; Mease on the Penitentiary System of Pennsylvania; Carey on ditto; Reports of the Boston Prison Discipline Society; Livingston's excellent Introductory Report to the Code of Reform and Prison Discipline, prepared for the state of Louisiana; Encycl. Americ. art. Prison Discipline; De. I'Etat Actuel des Prisons en France, par L. M. More au Christophe; Dalloz, Dict. mot Peine, §1, n. 3, and Supplem. mots Prisons et Bagnes.