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Researchers have shown how a bizarrely shaped black hole could cause Einstein's general theory of relativity, a foundation of modern physics, to break down. However, such an object could only exist in a universe with five or more dimensions. The researchers, from the University of Cambridge and Queen Mary University of London, have successfully simulated a black hole shaped like a very thin ring, which gives rise to a series of 'bulges¹' connected by strings² that become thinner over time. These strings eventually become so thin that they pinch off into a series of miniature black holes, similar to how a thin stream of water from a tap breaks up into droplets³. 

 

Ring-shaped black holes were 'discovered' by theoretical physicists⁴ in 2002, but this is the first time that their dynamics⁵ have been successfully simulated using supercomputers. Should this type of black hole form, it would lead to the appearance of a 'naked singularity', which would cause the equations behind general relativity to break down. The results are published in the journal Physical Review Letters. 

 

General relativity underpins⁶ our current understanding of gravity: everything from the estimation of the age of the stars in the universe, to the GPS signals we rely on to help us navigate⁷, is based on Einstein's equations. In part, the theory tells us that matter warps⁹ its surrounding spacetime, and what we call gravity is the effect of that warp⁸. In the 100 years since it was published, general relativity has passed every test that has been thrown at it, but one of its limitations is the existence of singularities. 

 

A singularity is a point where gravity is so intense that space, time, and the laws of physics, break down. General relativity predicts that singularities exist at the centre of black holes, and that they are surrounded by an event horizon - the 'point of no return', where the gravitational pull becomes so strong that escape is impossible, meaning that they cannot be observed from the outside. 

 

"As long as singularities stay hidden behind an event horizon, they do not cause trouble and general relativity holds - the 'cosmic censorship conjecture¹⁰' says that this is always the case," said study co-author Markus Kunesch, a PhD student at Cambridge's Department of Applied¹¹ Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). "As long as the cosmic censorship conjecture is valid¹², we can safely predict the future outside of black holes. Because ultimately, what we're trying to do in physics is to predict the future given knowledge about the state of the universe now."