第四十八篇

Finding Enlightenment in Scotland

In the 1740s, the famous French philosophy Voltaire said "We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization." That's not a bad advertisement for any country, especially when it comes to attracting people in search of a first class education.

Yet some people go even further than that. According to the American author Arthur Herman, the Scots invented the modem¹ world itself. He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modem life depends - everything from the scientific method to market economics. Their ideas did not just spread amongst intellectuals, but to those people in business, government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.

It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment, which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800. At this time, Scotland was home to a number of thinkers who made an important shift in the course of Western philosophy. Before that, philosophy was mainly concerned with religion. For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.

Their reasoning was practical. For the philosopher David Hume, humanity was the right subject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of how people think and feel. And from that we can make judgments² about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved, for universal benefit.

Hume was not a scientist himself, but his enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method - the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh, Adam Smith, famously applied³ the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade, he argued, was a form of information. Money is the way in which people tell each other what they want, and how much people pay is the best way we have of knowing how much somebody wants something. In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets, we all come to benefit each other.

Smith's idea of "enlightened self-interest" has come to dominate modem views of economics. It also has wider applications. He was one of the first major philosophers to point out that nations can become rich, free and powerful more efficiently⁴ through peace, trade and invention than by means of war and plunder⁵

The original Scottish Enlightenment is thought to have ended with the lives of Smith, Hume and the other thinkers who .lived in Scotland at that time. But a wider Scottish Enlightenment can still be seen. It exists in the way that the ideas evolved at that time still underpin⁶ our theories. It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence⁷ with practical orientation⁸.

The Institute for System Level Integration⁹ (ISLI) is a good example. Founded in 1998 by a group of four Scottish universities, ISLI draws on the academic expertise¹⁰ of the university departments of computer science, electronic and electrical engineering and informatics, But though it works at the cutting edge1 of science, ISLI's ultimate aims are rooted in the needs of the real world2: to produce highly skilled design engineers and researchers to meet the needs of the rapidly changing global semiconductor¹¹ industry.

Though only one amongst many educational institutions in Scotland, ISLI's existence shows that the principles of the Scottish Enlightenment still live on. It’s a country that's still inventing, still modernizing¹², and still doing its best to spread enlightenment

词汇：

Enlightenment n. 启蒙

underpin v. 作为……的基础

plunder n.掠夺

semiconductor n. 半导体

注释：

1. cutting edge（科技发展的）前沿

2. rooted in the needs of the real world扎根于现实世界的需要