13. ‘Hidden’ Species May Be Surprisingly Common (A级)

       （替换2007年用书理工类阅读理解第四十八篇：Shrinking Water Supply Poses Threat to Peace）

Cryptic¹ species – animals that appear identical but are genetically³ quite distant – may be much more widespread than previously⁴ thought. The findings could have major implications in areas ranging from biodiversity estimates and wildlife management, to our understanding of infectious diseases and evolution.

Reports of cryptic species have increased dramatically over the past two decades with the advent⁵ of relatively⁶ inexpensive DNA⁷ sequencing technology. Markus Pfenninger and Klaus Schwenk, of the Goethe-Universitat in Frankfurt1, Germany, analyzed⁸ all known data on cryptic animal species and discovered that they are found in equal proportions throughout all major branches of the animal kingdom and occur in equal numbers in all biogeographical regions.

Scientists had previously speculated that cryptic species were predominantly found in insects and reptiles¹⁰, and were more likely to occur in tropical rather than temperate¹¹ regions. “Species that are seemingly widespread and abundant could in reality be many different cryptic species that have low populations and are highly endangered,” says Pfenninger. Until the genetic² information of all species in at least one taxon is thoroughly¹² studied, no one will know just how many cryptic species exist. “ It could be as high as 30%,” Pfenninger says.

“I’m extremely surprised by their results,” says Alex Smith of the University of Guelph2 in Ontario3, Canada. “It’s a call to arms to keep doing the broad kind of genetic studies that we are doing.”

Sampling as many individuals as possible, scientists hope to complete work on all fish and birds in another 5 to 10 years. Once either of these taxonomic groups is completed, Pfenninger says researchers will able to decide how many cryptic species exist throughout the animal kingdom.

Examples of cryptic species include the African elephant. A 2001 study found the elephants were actually two genetically distinct, non-interbreeding species, the African bush elephant and the African elephant. The species are currently listed as vulnerable and threatened, respectively, by the World Conservation Union (WCU)4.

The reclassifications are more than an academic exercise. They define populations that have evolved independently of each other and whose genetic differences can have significant consequences.

In the early 1900s misidentification of mosquito species based on morphology confused attempts to control malaria¹³ in Europe. Ultimately, what was thought to be a single species was actually made up of six sibling¹⁴ species, only three of which transmitted the disease. “The basic unit in biology is always the species, and you have to know what you are dealing¹⁵ with,” Pfenninger says. Much previous research is now no longer used, he says, because it is not clear what species was being studied.  (428 words)

词汇：

　　cryptic adj. 隐蔽的；隐藏的

　　taxon n. （生物的）分类单元

　　biodiversity n. 生物多样性

　　taxonomic adj. 分类（学）的

　　DNA n. 脱氧核糖核酸（deoxyribonucleic acid的缩写）

　　non-interbreeding adj. 非杂交繁殖

　　biogeographical adj. 生物地理学的

　　morphology n. 形态学

　　malaria n. 疟疾

　　reptile⁹ n. 爬行动物

　　sibling n. 同胞，同属

　　temperate adj.（气候）温带的